<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.18(26).01.33-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-103</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПОЗВОНОЧНОГО КАНАЛА В ЭМБРИОГЕНЕЗЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE FORMATION OF THE SPINAL CANAL IN THE HUMAN EMBRYOGENESIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заточная</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zatochnaya</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">v.zatochnaya@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Заточная В.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Заточная В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zatochnaya V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/103">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/103</self-uri><abstract><p>Изучено 29 тотально окрашенных и просветленных зародыша человека 7-12 недели гестации и 33 серии гистологических срезов зародышей человека от 7 до 70 мм теменно-копчиковой длины (ТКД). На пятой неделе гестации закладки позвонков представляют собой мезенхимные конденсации вокруг хорды. У 7 недельных эмбрионов в закладках позвонков выявляются отдельные центры хондрификации. В конце эмбрионального периода (8 неделя развития) за счет слияния центров хондрификации закладки позвонков представлены цельными хрящевыми структурами, имеющими тело, расположенное спереди от закладки спинного мозга и два нейральных отростка, охватывающих ее с двух сторон. Тело будущих позвонков расположено с вентральной стороны от закладки спинного мозга, переднезадний размер которого примерно в два раза превосходит аналогичный размер хрящевой закладки. Нейральные отростки направляются дорсально и охватывают с двух сторон только три четверти окружности закладки спинного мозга. В результате позвоночное отверстие остается незамкнутым сзади, а также отсутствует остистый отросток. У плодов 10 недельного возраста срастаются нейральные дуги всех грудных и верхних поясничных позвонков. На 10-й неделе гестации в нейральных отростках с C2 по Th8 появляются центры оссификации. Первичные центры оссификации в ребрах появляются с 8 недели эмбриогенеза. Установлено, что смыкание нейральных отростков позади закладки спинного мозга начинается с нижних шейных - верхних грудных позвонков и далее процесс распространяется в краниальном и каудальном направлении. Одновременно со слиянием нейральных отростков происходит образование остистого отростка позвонков. Формирование позвоночного канала завершается у 12 недельных плодов человека. На всех этапах развития закладок позвонков прослеживается тесное их взаимодействие с хордой. Хорда играет важную роль в морфогенезе осевых структур. Врожденный дефект развития нервной трубки (анэнцефалия) сочетается со spina bifida и конкресценцией дуг смежных позвонков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the study, 29 totally cleared and double-stained human embryos of 7-12 weeks of gestational age and 33series of histological sections of 7-70 mm CRL human embryos were used. At the 5th week of gestation, the vertebrae are presented by mesenchymal condensations around the notochord. In 7 week embryos, separate centers of chondrification are identified in the vertebral primordia. At the end of the embryonic period (8th week of development) due to the fusion of the centers of chondrification, the vertebral primordia are presented by whole cartilaginous structures having a centrum located in front of the spinal cord and two neural processes that span it from two sides. The body of the future vertebrae is located on the ventral side of the spinal cord, the anteroposterior size of which is approximately twice as large as the similar size of the cartilaginous primordium of vertebral body. The neural processes are directed dorsally and cover only 3/4 of the circumference of the spinal cord from both sides. As a result, the vertebral foramen remains open behind and there is no spinous process. The neural arches of all thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae fuse in fetuses of the 10th week of gestation. At the 10th week of gestation, the centers of ossification appear in the neural processes of C2-Th8. The primary centers of ossification in the ribs appear from the 8th week of embryogenesis. It is established that the fusion of the neural processes behind the spinal cord begins with the lower cervical - upper thoracic vertebrae and then the process spreads in the cranial and caudal directions. Simultaneously with the fusion of the neural processes, a spinous process of the vertebrae is formed. The formation of the spinal canal is completed in 12-week human fetuses. At all stages of development of the vertebral primordia, their close interaction with the notochord is traced. Notochord plays an important role in the morphogenesis of axial structures. The congenital neural tube defect (anencephaly) is combined with the spina bifida and fusion of adjacent vertebral arches.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>позвоночный канал</kwd><kwd>развитие эмбриона человека</kwd><kwd>позвонок</kwd><kwd>спинной мозг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinal canal</kwd><kwd>human embryo development</kwd><kwd>vertebra</kwd><kwd>spinal cord</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Rahilly R, Muller F, Meyer DB. The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 1. The column as a whole. J Anat. 1980; 131(Pt 3):565-575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Rahilly R, Muller F, Meyer DB. The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 1. The column as a whole. J Anat. 1980; 131(Pt 3):565-575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grzymislawska M, Wozniak W. Formation of the vertebral arches in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in early human fetuses. Folia Morphol (Warsz).2010 Aug;69(3):177-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grzymislawska M, Wozniak W. Formation of the vertebral arches in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in early human fetuses. Folia Morphol (Warsz).2010 Aug;69(3):177-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagnall KM, Harris PF, Jones PR. A radiographic study of the human fetal spine. 2. The sequence of development of ossification centers in the vertebral column. J Anat. 1977; 124(Pt 3):791-802.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagnall KM, Harris PF, Jones PR. A radiographic study of the human fetal spine. 2. The sequence of development of ossification centers in the vertebral column. J Anat. 1977; 124(Pt 3):791-802.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang R, Christ B. Origin of the epaxial and hypaxial myotome in avian -embryos. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2000;202:369-374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang R, Christ B. Origin of the epaxial and hypaxial myotome in avian -embryos. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2000;202:369-374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan KM, Spivak JM, Bendo JA. Embryology of the spine and associated congenital abnormalities. Spine J. 2005;5(5):564-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan KM, Spivak JM, Bendo JA. Embryology of the spine and associated congenital abnormalities. Spine J. 2005;5(5):564-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brookes M, Zietman A. Clinical embryology: a color atlas and text. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida; 1998. 341pp.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brookes M, Zietman A. Clinical embryology: a color atlas and text. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida; 1998. 341pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology - 9th ed.: Elsevier; 2013. 540pp.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology - 9th ed.: Elsevier; 2013. 540pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming A, Keynes RJ, Tannahill D. The role of the notochord in vertebral column formation. J Anat. 2001;199(Pt 1-2):177-180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming A, Keynes RJ, Tannahill D. The role of the notochord in vertebral column formation. J Anat. 2001;199(Pt 1-2):177-180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitchin IC. The effects of notochordectomy in Amblystoma mexicanum. J Exp Zool. 1949;112:393-411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitchin IC. The effects of notochordectomy in Amblystoma mexicanum. J Exp Zool. 1949;112:393-411.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holtzer H, Detwiler SR. An experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column. III. Induction of skeletogenous cells. 1. Exp. Zool. 1953;123:335-370</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holtzer H, Detwiler SR. An experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column. III. Induction of skeletogenous cells. 1. Exp. Zool. 1953;123:335-370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watterson RI, Fowler I, Fowler BJ. The role of the neural tube and notochord in development of the axial skeleton of the chick. Am. J. Anat. 1954;95:337-400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watterson RI, Fowler I, Fowler BJ. The role of the neural tube and notochord in development of the axial skeleton of the chick. Am. J. Anat. 1954;95:337-400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strudel G. faction morphogene du tube nerveux et de la corde sur la differenciation des vertebres et des muscles vertebraux chez l’embryon de poulet. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp.1955;44:209-235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strudel G. faction morphogene du tube nerveux et de la corde sur la differenciation des vertebres et des muscles vertebraux chez l’embryon de poulet. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp.1955;44:209-235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strudel G. Some aspects of organogenesis of the chick spinal column. Exp. Biol. Med.1967;1:183-198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strudel G. Some aspects of organogenesis of the chick spinal column. Exp. Biol. Med.1967;1:183-198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monsoro-Burq AH, Bontoux M, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM. Heterogeneity in the development of the vertebra. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1994;91:10435-10439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monsoro-Burq AH, Bontoux M, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM. Heterogeneity in the development of the vertebra. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1994;91:10435-10439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pourquie O, Coltey M, Teillet MA, Ordahl C, Le Douarin NM. Control of dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives by notochord and floor plate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1993;90(11):5242-5246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pourquie O, Coltey M, Teillet MA, Ordahl C, Le Douarin NM. Control of dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives by notochord and floor plate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1993;90(11):5242-5246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheuer L, Black S. The Juvenile Skeleton. Elsevier Academic Press, London; 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheuer L, Black S. The Juvenile Skeleton. Elsevier Academic Press, London; 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanna C, Wan X, Bose S, Cassaday R, Olomu O, Mendoza A,Yeung C, Gorlick R, Hewitt SM, Helman LJ. The membrane-cytoskeleton linker ezrin is necessary for osteosarcoma metastasis.NatMed.2004;10:182-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanna C, Wan X, Bose S, Cassaday R, Olomu O, Mendoza A,Yeung C, Gorlick R, Hewitt SM, Helman LJ. The membrane-cytoskeleton linker ezrin is necessary for osteosarcoma metastasis.NatMed.2004;10:182-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall BK. Endoskeleton/exo (dermal) skeleton-mesoderm/neural crest: two pair of problems and a shifting paradigm. J Appl Ichthyol. 2014;30:608-615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall BK. Endoskeleton/exo (dermal) skeleton-mesoderm/neural crest: two pair of problems and a shifting paradigm. J Appl Ichthyol. 2014;30:608-615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadler T. Embryology of neural tube development. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet.2005;135:2-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadler T. Embryology of neural tube development. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet.2005;135:2-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
