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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.2026.34(3).1065</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-1090</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ МАЛЫХ ВЫБОРОК В МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ  ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СИМУЛЯЦИОННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ   И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE SMALL SAMPLES STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES: RESULTS OF SIMULATION MODELING AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-0498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гржибовский</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grzhibovsky</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гржибовский Андрей Мечиславович, доктор медицины</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p>Якутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey M. Grzhibovsky, Doctor of Medical Sciences</p><p>Saint-Petersburg</p><p>Yakutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.grjibovski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-1220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гвоздецкий</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gvozdetskiy</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гвоздецкий Антон Николаевич, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton N. Gvozdetskiy, Candidate of Medical Sciences</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">comisora@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-7412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полиданов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polidanov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полиданов Максим Андреевич</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim A. Polidanov</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maksim.polidanoff@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2796-7508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайруллин</surname><given-names>Р. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khayrullin</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хайруллин Радик Магзинурович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radik M. Khayrullin, Doctor of Medical Sciences</p><p>Saint-Petersburg; Osh, Kyrgyzstan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">r.m.hayrullin@reaviz.online</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет РЕАВИЗ; Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>REAVIZ Private University; Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова; Городская психиатрическая больница № 3 им. И.И. Скворцова-Степанова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechnikov North-West State Medical University; Skvortsov-Stepanov City Psychiatric Hospital No. 3</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет РЕАВИЗ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>REAVIZ Private University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет РЕАВИЗ; Первый Санкт-Петербургский  государственный медицинский университет им. акад. ИП. Павлова; Ошский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>REAVIZ Private University; Academician Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; Osh State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1065</fpage><lpage>1065</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гржибовский А.М., Гвоздецкий А.Н., Полиданов М.А., Хайруллин Р.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гржибовский А.М., Гвоздецкий А.Н., Полиданов М.А., Хайруллин Р.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grzhibovsky A.M., Gvozdetskiy A.N., Polidanov M.A., Khayrullin R.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/1090">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/1090</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. В морфологических исследованиях объем выборки часто крайне ограничен из-за редкой встречаемости некоторых патологических процессов, этических ограничений и высокой стоимости методов. При этом корректный статистический анализ малых выборок остается мало освещенной проблемой в отечественной литературе, а исследователи нередко применяют неподходящие критерии (тесты), что уменьшает достоверность результатов исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Представить результаты симуляционного исследования перечня статистических методов для сравнения независимых групп в условиях малых выборок и сформулировать практические рекомендации по выбору критериев с учетом специфики морфологических данных.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Проведено симуляционное исследование с генерацией 10 000 выборок для каждого сценария (объем от 2 до 12 наблюдений в каждой группе, включая несбалансированные сочетания; результаты представлены по общему числу наблюдений). Оценивались категориальные, порядковые и метрические данные. Критерии оценки тестов: способность удерживать номинальную ошибку первого рода, устойчивость (критерий Брэдли), статистическая мощность и минимальное количество наблюдений для отклонения нулевой гипотезы.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Для таблиц 2×2 наилучшие показатели продемонстрировали G-тест с поправкой Уильямса и тест Бошлу (минимальное N = 4–5). Для таблиц 3×2 предпочтительным оказался тест Фишера– Фримена–Гальтона с mid-p коррекцией. Среди критериев для порядковых данных лучшие результаты показал асимптотический тест Бруннера–Мюнцеля (от 5 наблюдений суммарно). Для метрических данных наиболее состоятельными оказались бета-регрессия с коррекцией смещения и критерий Уэлча (от 4–5 наблюдений суммарно).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. При работе со малыми выборками в морфологии предпочтение следует отдавать точным и пермутационным тестам. Не рекомендуется понижать уровень шкалы измерения без веской причины. Предложенные алгоритмы выбора критериев учитывают специфику морфологических данных и могут обеспечивать приемлемый контроль ошибки I рода в рассмотренных сценариях при ограниченном объеме материала.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. In morphological studies, sample size is often extremely limited due to rarity of pathological processes, ethical constraints, and high cost of methods. Correct statistical analysis of small samples remains an understudied problem, and researchers often apply inappropriate tests.</p></sec><sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title><p>OBJECTIVE. To present the results of a simulation study of statistical methods for comparing independent groups under small sample sizes and to formulate practical recommendations for test selection considering the specifics of morphological data.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. A simulation study was performed with 10,000 replications per scenario (sample size from 2 to 12 per group). Categorical, ordinal, and metric data were evaluated. Test performance criteria: type I error control, robustness (Bradley’s criterion), statistical power, and minimum sample size to reject the null hypothesis.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. For 2×2 tables, the Williams-corrected G-test and Boschloo’s test showed the best performance (minimum n = 4 – 5). For 3×2 tables, the Fisher–Freeman–Halton test with mid-p correction was preferred. Among ordinal tests, the asymptotic Brunner–Munzel test performed best (from 5 observations in total). For metric data, beta regression (with bias reduction) and Welch’s test were the most robust (from 4–5 observations in total).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. For small samples in morphology, exact and permutation tests should be preferred. Reducing the measurement scale without a strong biological reason is strongly discouraged. The proposed algorithms for selecting criteria take into account the specifics of morphological data and can provide acceptable control of type I errors in the considered scenarios with a limited amount of material. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>морфометрия</kwd><kwd>малая выборка</kwd><kwd>статистическая мощность</kwd><kwd>статистические критерии</kwd><kwd>морфологические исследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>morphometry</kwd><kwd>small samples</kwd><kwd>statistical power</kwd><kwd>statistical tests</kwd><kwd>morphological study</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Button KS, Ioannidis JPA, Mokrysz C et al. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. 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