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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.17(25).02.01</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-20</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ И ОБЩЕТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW'S AND GENERAL THEORETICAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ДВУСТОРОННЕЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ НЕРВНЫХ ИМПУЛЬСОВ, ОТКРЫТОЕ ГИСТОЛОГОМ А.И. БАБУХИНЫМ - ОСНОВА РЕТИКУЛЯРНОЙ ТЕОРИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE TWO-WAY DISTRIBUTION OF NERVOUS PULSES OPEN BY HYSTOLOGIST AI BABUKHIN - THE BASIS OF THE RETICULAR THEORY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сотников</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sotnikov</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ossotnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокурина</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokurina</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kokurina.tatyana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подольская</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podolskaya</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ossotnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт физиологии им. И. П. Павлова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сотников О.С., Кокурина Т.Н., Подольская Л.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сотников О.С., Кокурина Т.Н., Подольская Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sotnikov O.S., Kokurina T.N., Podolskaya L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/20">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/20</self-uri><abstract><p>Ретикулярная теория организации нервной системы предполагает электрическую и тинкториальную взаимосвязь нейронов с помощью синцитиальных мостиков в сетевых образованиях мозга и ганглиев. Это означает, что импульсы распространяются во все стороны по путям нервных ветвей. Нейронная же теория предполагает полную цитоплазматическую изоляцию смежных нейронов. Основное положение нейронной доктрины предусматривает последовательный переход нервного импульса в одном направлении от одного нейрона к другому по рефлекторной дуге. Этот закон динамической поляризации сформулирован одновременно в 1891 г. двумя великими нейрогистологами Рамон-и-Кахалем и Ван Гехухтеном. В дальнейшем этот закон был, как казалось, блестяще подтвержден открытием медиаторных синапсов с помощью электронной микроскопии. Электронная микроскопия химических синапсов позволила считать нейронную теорию Рамон-и-Кахаля единственно верной и абсолютно доказанной. Нейронная теория уверенно вошла во все учебники и руководства по неврологии, а теория ретикуляризма была признана ошибочной и неверной. Однако в конце прошлого века ситуация изменилась на противоположную. Были открыты межнейронная синцитиальная связь и электрические синапсы, функция которых осуществляется с помощью щелевых, мембранных контактов. Ретикулярная теория получила право на научное экспериментальное подтверждение. Важную роль в доказательстве ретикуляризма сыграло открытие распространения нервного импульса по волокну в обе стороны, сделанное впервые А.И. Бабухиным и подтверждённое Шеррингтоном. В статье описана история открытия двунаправленного электрического тока в опытах на электрических органах рыб и экспериментальное исследование морфологической основы возможности электрической передачи импульсов в периферических сплетениях автономной нервной системы. Показано, что щелевые контакты постоянно обнаруживаются в вегетативных сплетениях как в норме, так и при гипоксии. Таким образом, ранние исследования А.И. Бабухина о возможности двунаправленного движения нервных импульсов были подтверждены морфологическими исследованиями сторонников ретикулярной теории Камилло Гольджи о межнейронной немедиаторной связи нейронов в вегетативных сплетениях. Обнаружение электрических синапсов открыли новые представления об организации и функционировании всей нервной системы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Reticular theory of the nervous system presupposes the electrical and tinctorial interrelation of neurons in the nervous system with the help of syncytial bridges in the brain and ganglion network formations. This means that the impulses spread in all directions along the path of the nervous branches. The neuronal theory presupposes complete cytoplasmic isolation of adjacent neurons. The basic position of the neural doctrine provides for a successive transition of the nerve impulse in one direction from one neuron to another, along a reflex arc. This «law of dynamic polarization» was formulated simultaneously in 1891 by two great neurohistologists Ramon y Cajal and Van Gehuchten. Later, this law seemed to be brilliantly confirmed by the discovery of mediator synapses using electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of chemical synapses allowed us to consider Cajal's neuronal theory as the only true and absolutely proven one. Neuronal theory confidently entered in the all textbooks and neurology manuals, and the theory of reticularism was recognized as erroneous and incorrect. However, at the end of the last century the situation changed to the opposite. Inter-neuronal syncytial communication and electrical synapses were discovered, the function of which is performed by means of gap junction. Reticular theory was given the right to scientific experimental confirmation. An important role in the proof of reticularism was played by the discovery of the propagation of a nerve impulse along the fiber in both directions, made for the first time by Alexander Babukhin and confirmed by C.S. Sherrington. In the article is describe the history of the finding of bidirectional electric current in experiments on electrical organs of fish and the experimental study of the morphological basis for the possibility of electric transfer of impulses in the peripheral autonomic nerve plexuses. It is shown that gap junctions are constantly found in plexuses of autonomous nervous system both in norm and under hypoxia. Thus, early studies of Alexander Babukhin on the possibility of bidirectional movement of nerve impulses were confirmed by morphological studies of the supporters of the reticular theory of Camillo Golgi on the inter-neuron non-mediator connection of neurons in vegetative plexuses. The discovery of electrical synapses opened up new ideas about the organization and functioning of the entire nervous system.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двунаправленность нервного импульса</kwd><kwd>щелевые контакты</kwd><kwd>электрические синапсы</kwd><kwd>синцитиальные перфорации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bidirectionality of the nerve impulse</kwd><kwd>gap junctions</kwd><kwd>electric synapses</kwd><kwd>syncytial perforations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramon y Cajal S. Significacion fisiologica de las expansiones protoplàsmicas y nerviosas de la sustancia gris. Rev. Scienc. Med. Barcel. 1891;22:1-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramon y Cajal S. Significacion fisiologica de las expansiones protoplàsmicas y nerviosas de la sustancia gris. Rev. Scienc. Med. 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