<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.2015.0(1):106-117</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-249</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕЦЕНЗИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BOOK REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О СТРУКТУРЕ И ФУНКЦИИ ЭНТЕРАЛЬНОЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CURRENT VIEWS ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хочанский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khochanskij</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">dimitrvs@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">morfolhum@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ФГНБУ «НИИ морфологии человека» РАН</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова; ФГБУ «НИИ морфологии человека» РАН</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хочанский Д.Н., Макарова О.В., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хочанский Д.Н., Макарова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khochanskij D.N., Makarova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/249">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/249</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре обобщены современные литературные данные о развитии энтеральной нервной системы, строении энтеральных ганглиев и классификации энтеральных нейронов. Охарактеризованы морфологические изменения энтеральной нервной системы при различных заболеваниях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This overview summarizes the current published data on the development of enteric nervous system, the structure of enteric ganglia and the classification of enteric neurons. The morphological changes of enteric nervous system in various diseases are characterized.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>энтеральная нервная система</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>нейробиология</kwd><kwd>морфология</kwd><kwd>enteric nervous system</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>neurobiology</kwd><kwd>morphology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ноздрачев А. Д. Физиология вегетативной нервной системы. Л.: Медицина. - 1983. - C. 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ноздрачев А. Д. Физиология вегетативной нервной системы. Л.: Медицина. - 1983. - C. 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gershon M.D. Development of the enteric nervous system/Gershon MD//Brookes S.J.H., Costa M.(eds) Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Taylor 8c Francis, London and New York. - 2002. P. 469-525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gershon M.D. Development of the enteric nervous system/Gershon MD//Brookes S.J.H., Costa M.(eds) Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Taylor 8c Francis, London and New York. - 2002. P. 469-525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young H.M. A single rostrocaudal colonization of the rodent intestine by enteric neuron precursors is revealed by the expression of Phox2b, Ret, and p75 and by explants grown under the kidney capsule or in organ culture/Hearn C.J., Ciampoli D., Southwell B.R., Brunet J.F., Newgreen D.F. //Dev. Biol. - 1998. - V. 202. - P. 67-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young H.M. A single rostrocaudal colonization of the rodent intestine by enteric neuron precursors is revealed by the expression of Phox2b, Ret, and p75 and by explants grown under the kidney capsule or in organ culture/Hearn C.J., Ciampoli D., Southwell B.R., Brunet J.F., Newgreen D.F. //Dev. Biol. - 1998. - V. 202. - P. 67-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapur R.P. Colonization of the murine hindgut by sacral crest-derived neural precursors: experimental support for an evolutionarily conserved model/ Kapur R.P. //Dev. Biol. - 2000. - V. 227. - P. 146-155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapur R.P. Colonization of the murine hindgut by sacral crest-derived neural precursors: experimental support for an evolutionarily conserved model/ Kapur R.P. //Dev. Biol. - 2000. - V. 227. - P. 146-155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace A.S. Development of the enteric nervous system, smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal in the human gastrointestinal tract / Wallace A.S., Burns A.J. // Cell Tissue Res. - 2005. - V. 319. - P. 367-382.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace A.S. Development of the enteric nervous system, smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal in the human gastrointestinal tract / Wallace A.S., Burns A.J. // Cell Tissue Res. - 2005. - V. 319. - P. 367-382.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang Y. Netrins and DCC in the guidance of migrating neural crest-derived cells in the developing bowel and pancreas / Jiang Y., Liu M.T., Gershon M.D. //Dev. Biol. - 2003. - V. 258. - P. 364-384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang Y. Netrins and DCC in the guidance of migrating neural crest-derived cells in the developing bowel and pancreas / Jiang Y., Liu M.T., Gershon M.D. //Dev. Biol. - 2003. - V. 258. - P. 364-384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newgreen D. Enteric nervous system: development and developmental disturbances - Part 1 /Newgreen D., Young H.M. //Pediatr. Develop. Pathol. - 2002. - V. 5. - P. 224-247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newgreen D. Enteric nervous system: development and developmental disturbances - Part 1 /Newgreen D., Young H.M. //Pediatr. Develop. Pathol. - 2002. - V. 5. - P. 224-247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furness J.B. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology./ Furness J.B. // Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - 2012. - № 9. - P. 286-294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furness J.B. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology./ Furness J.B. // Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - 2012. - № 9. - P. 286-294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furness, J. B. The Enteric Nervous System. Publisher: Blackwell, Oxford. - 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furness, J. B. The Enteric Nervous System. Publisher: Blackwell, Oxford. - 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P.L. The intramural nervous system of the small intestine with special reference to the innervation of the inner subdivision of its circular muscle / Li P.L. // Anat. - 1940. - V. 74. - P. 348-359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li P.L. The intramural nervous system of the small intestine with special reference to the innervation of the inner subdivision of its circular muscle / Li P.L. // Anat. - 1940. - V. 74. - P. 348-359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timmermans J.P. Outer submucous plexus: an intrinsic nerve network involved in both secretory and motility processes in the intestine of large mammals and humans.Anat / Timmermans J.P., Hens J., Adriaensen D. //Rec. - 2001. - V.262. - P. 71-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timmermans J.P. Outer submucous plexus: an intrinsic nerve network involved in both secretory and motility processes in the intestine of large mammals and humans.Anat / Timmermans J.P., Hens J., Adriaensen D. //Rec. - 2001. - V.262. - P. 71-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timmermans J.P. Structural organization and neuropeptide distribution in the mammalian enteric nervous system, with special attention to those components involved in mucosal reflexes / Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D., Cornelissen W., Scheuermann D.W. // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - 1997. - V. 118a. - P. 331-340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timmermans J.P. Structural organization and neuropeptide distribution in the mammalian enteric nervous system, with special attention to those components involved in mucosal reflexes / Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D., Cornelissen W., Scheuermann D.W. // Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - 1997. - V. 118a. - P. 331-340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schofield G.C. // Handbook of Physiology: Alimentary Canal. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC. - 1968. - Vol. 46. - P. 1579-1627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schofield G.C. // Handbook of Physiology: Alimentary Canal. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC. - 1968. - Vol. 46. - P. 1579-1627.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izumi N. Morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the esophageal intrinsic nervous system in the golden hamster/Izumi N., Matsuyama H., Yamamoto Y., Atoji Y., Suzuki Y., Unno T., Takewaki T. // Eur. J. Morphol. - 2002. - V.40. - P. 137-144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izumi N. Morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the esophageal intrinsic nervous system in the golden hamster/Izumi N., Matsuyama H., Yamamoto Y., Atoji Y., Suzuki Y., Unno T., Takewaki T. // Eur. J. Morphol. - 2002. - V.40. - P. 137-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balemba O.B. The19. Distribution of pacemaker function through the tunica muscularis of the canine gastric antrum organisation of the enteric nervous system in the submucous and mucous layers of the small intestine of the pig studied by VIP and neurofilament protein immunohistochemistry / Balemba O.B., Grondahl M.L., Mbassa G.K., Semuguruka W.D., Hay Smith A. // J. Anat. - 1998. - V. 192. - P. 257-267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balemba O.B. The19. Distribution of pacemaker function through the tunica muscularis of the canine gastric antrum organisation of the enteric nervous system in the submucous and mucous layers of the small intestine of the pig studied by VIP and neurofilament protein immunohistochemistry / Balemba O.B., Grondahl M.L., Mbassa G.K., Semuguruka W.D., Hay Smith A. // J. Anat. - 1998. - V. 192. - P. 257-267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mawe G.M., Relationship of gallbladder ganglia to the enteric nervous system: structure, putative neurotransmitters and direct neural connections / Mawe G.M., Gershon M.D. //Singer M.V., Goebell H. (eds) Nerves and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. -1989. - P. 87-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mawe G.M., Relationship of gallbladder ganglia to the enteric nervous system: structure, putative neurotransmitters and direct neural connections / Mawe G.M., Gershon M.D. //Singer M.V., Goebell H. (eds) Nerves and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. -1989. - P. 87-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watari N. Fine structure of nervous elements in the pancreas of some vertebrates / Watari N. //Z. Zellforsch. - 1968. - V. 85. - P. 291-314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watari N. Fine structure of nervous elements in the pancreas of some vertebrates / Watari N. //Z. Zellforsch. - 1968. - V. 85. - P. 291-314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furness J.B. Types of nerves in the enteric nervous system / Furness J.B., Costa M. // Neuroscience. -1980. - V. 5. - P. 1-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furness J.B. Types of nerves in the enteric nervous system / Furness J.B., Costa M. // Neuroscience. -1980. - V. 5. - P. 1-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komuro T. An ultrastructural study of neurons and non-neuronal cells in the myenteric plexus of the rabbit colon/Komuro T., Bałuk P., Burnstock G. //Neuroscience. - 1982. - V. 7(7). - P. 1797-1806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komuro T. An ultrastructural study of neurons and non-neuronal cells in the myenteric plexus of the rabbit colon/Komuro T., Bałuk P., Burnstock G. //Neuroscience. - 1982. - V. 7(7). - P. 1797-1806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabella G. On the ultrastructure of the enteric nerve ganglia/Gabella G. //Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. - 1982. - V.71. - P. 15-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabella G. On the ultrastructure of the enteric nerve ganglia/Gabella G. //Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. - 1982. - V.71. - P. 15-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wood J. D. Enteric Nervous System (The Brain-In-The-Gut) Publisher: Morgan and Claypool Life Science. - 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wood J. D. Enteric Nervous System (The Brain-In-The-Gut) Publisher: Morgan and Claypool Life Science. - 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хауликэ И. Вегетативная нервная система -Анатомия и физиология- Медицинское издательство бухарест. - 1978. - C. 54-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хауликэ И. Вегетативная нервная система -Анатомия и физиология- Медицинское издательство бухарест. - 1978. - C. 54-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stach W. Structural organization of enteric nerve cells in large mammals including man / Stach W., Krammer H.J, Brehmer A. // Krammer H.J., Singer M.V.(eds) Neurogastroenterology from the Basics to the Clinics. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. - 2000. - P. 3-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stach W. Structural organization of enteric nerve cells in large mammals including man / Stach W., Krammer H.J, Brehmer A. // Krammer H.J., Singer M.V.(eds) Neurogastroenterology from the Basics to the Clinics. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. - 2000. - P. 3-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brehmer A., Immunohistochemical characterization of putative primary afferent (sensory) myenteric neurons in human small intestine / Brehmer A., Croner R., Dimmler A., Papadopoulos T., Schrodl F., Neuhuber W. //Autonom. Neurosci. - 2004. - V. 112. - P. 49 59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brehmer A., Immunohistochemical characterization of putative primary afferent (sensory) myenteric neurons in human small intestine / Brehmer A., Croner R., Dimmler A., Papadopoulos T., Schrodl F., Neuhuber W. //Autonom. Neurosci. - 2004. - V. 112. - P. 49 59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pompolo S. Ultrastructure and synaptic relationships of calbindin-reactive, Dogiel type II neurons, in myenteric ganglia of guinea-pig small intestine/Pompolo S., Furness J.B. //Neurocytol. - 1988. - V. 17. - P. 771-782.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pompolo S. Ultrastructure and synaptic relationships of calbindin-reactive, Dogiel type II neurons, in myenteric ganglia of guinea-pig small intestine/Pompolo S., Furness J.B. //Neurocytol. - 1988. - V. 17. - P. 771-782.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F. B. Topographic inventories of vagal afferents in gastrointestinal muscle / Wang F.B., Powley T.L. // Comp. Neurol. - 2000. - V. 421. - P. 302-324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F. B. Topographic inventories of vagal afferents in gastrointestinal muscle / Wang F.B., Powley T.L. // Comp. Neurol. - 2000. - V. 421. - P. 302-324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ward S.M. Interstitial cells of Cajal mediate cholinergic neurotransmission from enteric motor neurons / Ward S.M., Beckett E.A.H., Wang X.Y., Baker F., Khoyi M., Sanders K.M.// Neurosci. - 2000. - V. 20. - P. 1393-1403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ward S.M. Interstitial cells of Cajal mediate cholinergic neurotransmission from enteric motor neurons / Ward S.M., Beckett E.A.H., Wang X.Y., Baker F., Khoyi M., Sanders K.M.// Neurosci. - 2000. - V. 20. - P. 1393-1403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genton L., Interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system: role of neuropeptides and nutrition/Genton L., Kudsk K.A. //Am J Surg. - 2003. - V.186(3). - P. 253-258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genton L., Interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system: role of neuropeptides and nutrition/Genton L., Kudsk K.A. //Am J Surg. - 2003. - V.186(3). - P. 253-258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muller P. Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility/Muller P., Koscso B., Rajani G., Stevanovic K., Berres M., Hashimoto D., Mortha A., Leboeuf M., Li X., Mucida D., Stanley E., Dahan S., Margolis K., Gershon M., Merad M1., Bogunovic M. // Cell. 2014 Jul 17;158(2):300-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muller P. Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility/Muller P., Koscso B., Rajani G., Stevanovic K., Berres M., Hashimoto D., Mortha A., Leboeuf M., Li X., Mucida D., Stanley E., Dahan S., Margolis K., Gershon M., Merad M1., Bogunovic M. // Cell. 2014 Jul 17;158(2):300-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furness J.B. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine/Furness J.B., Kunze W.A., Bertrand P. P., Clerc N., Bornstein J.C.//Prog. Neurobiol. - 1998. -V. 54(1). - P. 1-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furness J.B. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine/Furness J.B., Kunze W.A., Bertrand P. P., Clerc N., Bornstein J.C.//Prog. Neurobiol. - 1998. -V. 54(1). - P. 1-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunze W.A.A, The soma and neurites of primary afferent neurons in the guinea-pig intestine respond differentially to deformation / Kunze W.A.A., Clerc N., Furness J.B., Gola M. // Physiol. (Lond.). - 2000. - V. 526. - P. 375-385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunze W.A.A, The soma and neurites of primary afferent neurons in the guinea-pig intestine respond differentially to deformation / Kunze W.A.A., Clerc N., Furness J.B., Gola M. // Physiol. (Lond.). - 2000. - V. 526. - P. 375-385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furness J.B. Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses / Furness J.B., Kunze W.A.A., Clerc N.//Am. J. Physiol. - 1999. - V. 277. - P. G922-G928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furness J.B. Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses / Furness J.B., Kunze W.A.A., Clerc N.//Am. J. Physiol. - 1999. - V. 277. - P. G922-G928.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunze W.A.A. The enteric nervous system and regulation of intestinal motility /Kunze W.A.A., Furness J.B. //Annu. Rev. Physiol. - 1999. - V. 61. - P. 117-142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunze W.A.A. The enteric nervous system and regulation of intestinal motility /Kunze W.A.A., Furness J.B. //Annu. Rev. Physiol. - 1999. - V. 61. - P. 117-142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szurszewski J.H. Physiology of prevertebral ganglia / Szurszewski J.H., Miller S.M. // Johnson LR (ed.) Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Publisher: Raven Press, New York. - 1994. - P. 795-877.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szurszewski J.H. Physiology of prevertebral ganglia / Szurszewski J.H., Miller S.M. // Johnson LR (ed.) Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Publisher: Raven Press, New York. - 1994. - P. 795-877.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith T.K., Recent advances in enteric neurobiology: mechanosensitive interneurons / Spencer N.J, Hennig G.W., Dickson E.J. // Neurogastroenterol Motil. - 2007. - V. 19(11). - P. 869-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith T.K., Recent advances in enteric neurobiology: mechanosensitive interneurons / Spencer N.J, Hennig G.W., Dickson E.J. // Neurogastroenterol Motil. - 2007. - V. 19(11). - P. 869-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renzi D. Substance P (neurokinin- 1) and neurokinin A (neurokinin-2) receptor gene and protein expression in the healthy and inflamed human intestine/Renzi D., Pellegrini B., Tonelli F., Surrenti C., Calabro A. //Am. J. Pathol. - 2000. - V.157 - P. 1511-1522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renzi D. Substance P (neurokinin- 1) and neurokinin A (neurokinin-2) receptor gene and protein expression in the healthy and inflamed human intestine/Renzi D., Pellegrini B., Tonelli F., Surrenti C., Calabro A. //Am. J. Pathol. - 2000. - V.157 - P. 1511-1522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stead R.H. Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa/Dixon M.F. Bramwell N.H., Riddell R.H., Bienenstock J. // Gastroenterology. - 1989. - V. 97. - P. 575-585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stead R.H. Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa/Dixon M.F. Bramwell N.H., Riddell R.H., Bienenstock J. // Gastroenterology. - 1989. - V. 97. - P. 575-585.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McConalogue K. Gastrointestinal neurotransmitters/ McConalogue K., Furness J.B. //Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1994. - V.8(1). - P. 51-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McConalogue K. Gastrointestinal neurotransmitters/ McConalogue K., Furness J.B. //Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1994. - V.8(1). - P. 51-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirchgessner A.L. Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: activity-induced expression of Fos 51. Neural control of the intestinal migrating myoelectric compleximmunoreactivity / Kirchgessner A.L., Tamir H., Gershon M.D. //Neurosci. - 1992. - V.12. - P. 235-248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirchgessner A.L. Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: activity-induced expression of Fos 51. Neural control of the intestinal migrating myoelectric compleximmunoreactivity / Kirchgessner A.L., Tamir H., Gershon M.D. //Neurosci. - 1992. - V.12. - P. 235-248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan H. Activation of intrinsic afferent pathways in submucosal ganglia of the guinea pig small intestine /Pan H., Gershon M.D. //Neurosci. - 2000. - V. 20. - P. 3295-330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan H. Activation of intrinsic afferent pathways in submucosal ganglia of the guinea pig small intestine /Pan H., Gershon M.D. //Neurosci. - 2000. - V. 20. - P. 3295-330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zagorodnyuk V. Pharmacological evidence for the existence of multiple P2 receptors in the circular mus21. system in the golden hamster cle of guinea-pig colon. /Zagorodnyuk V., Maggi C.A. // Br. J. Pharmacol. -1998. - V.123. - P. 122-128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zagorodnyuk V. Pharmacological evidence for the existence of multiple P2 receptors in the circular mus21. system in the golden hamster cle of guinea-pig colon. /Zagorodnyuk V., Maggi C.A. // Br. J. Pharmacol. -1998. - V.123. - P. 122-128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rand M.J. Nitrergic transmission: Nitric oxide as a mediator of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neuro-effector transmission / Rand M.J. // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. - 1992. - V. 19. - P. 147-169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rand M.J. Nitrergic transmission: Nitric oxide as a mediator of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neuro-effector transmission / Rand M.J. // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. - 1992. - V. 19. - P. 147-169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makhlouf G. M. Nonadrenergic noncholingeric inhibitory transmitters of the gut./ Makhlouf G.M., Grider J.R. // News Physiol. Sci. - 1993. - V.8. - P. 196-199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhlouf G. M. Nonadrenergic noncholingeric inhibitory transmitters of the gut./ Makhlouf G.M., Grider J.R. // News Physiol. Sci. - 1993. - V.8. - P. 196-199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue L. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide as coneurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system: evidence from genomic deletion of biosynthetic enzymes / Farrugia G., Miller S. M., Ferris C. D., Snyder S.H., Szurszewski J.H. // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. - 2000. - V. 97. - P. 1851-1855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue L. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide as coneurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system: evidence from genomic deletion of biosynthetic enzymes / Farrugia G., Miller S. M., Ferris C. D., Snyder S.H., Szurszewski J.H. // Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. - 2000. - V. 97. - P. 1851-1855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schubert M.L. Regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by intramural neurons: effect of nicotinic receptor stimulation with dimethyl-phenylpiperazinium/Schubert M.L., Makhlouf G.M. //Gastroenterology. - 1982. - V. 83. - P. 626-632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schubert M.L. Regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by intramural neurons: effect of nicotinic receptor stimulation with dimethyl-phenylpiperazinium/Schubert M.L., Makhlouf G.M. //Gastroenterology. - 1982. - V. 83. - P. 626-632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liddle R. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 9th ed. /Feldman M., Friedman L.S. Brandt L.J. Saunders. - 2010. - P. 3-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liddle R. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 9th ed. /Feldman M., Friedman L.S. Brandt L.J. Saunders. - 2010. - P. 3-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horiguchi K. Distribution of pacemaker function through the tunica muscularis of the canine gastric antrum./HoriguchiK., Semple G.S.A., Sanders K.M., Ward S.M. //Physiol. (Lond.). - 2001. - V.537.1. - P. 237-250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horiguchi K. Distribution of pacemaker function through the tunica muscularis of the canine gastric antrum./HoriguchiK., Semple G.S.A., Sanders K.M., Ward S.M. //Physiol. (Lond.). - 2001. - V.537.1. - P. 237-250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan K.G. Intracellular electrical activity of musclaris mucosae of the dog stomach / Morgan K.G., Angel F., Schmalz P.F. //Am. Physiol. - 1985. - V. 249. - P. G256-G263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan K.G. Intracellular electrical activity of musclaris mucosae of the dog stomach / Morgan K.G., Angel F., Schmalz P.F. //Am. Physiol. - 1985. - V. 249. - P. G256-G263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szurszewski J.H. A migrating electric complex of the canine small intestine /Szurszewski J.H. //Am. Physiol. - 1969. - V. 217. - P. 1757-1763.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szurszewski J.H. A migrating electric complex of the canine small intestine /Szurszewski J.H. //Am. Physiol. - 1969. - V. 217. - P. 1757-1763.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlson G.M. Mechanism of propagation of intestinal interdigestive myoelectric complex / Carlson G.M., Bedi B.S., Code C.F. //Am. J. Physiol. - 1972. - V. 222. - P. 1027-1030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlson G.M. Mechanism of propagation of intestinal interdigestive myoelectric complex / Carlson G.M., Bedi B.S., Code C.F. //Am. J. Physiol. - 1972. - V. 222. - P. 1027-1030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Traynor O.J. Canine Interdigestive and postprandial gallbladder motility and emptying / Traynor O.J., Dozois R.R., DiMagno E.P //Am. J. Physiol. - 1984. - V. 246. - P. G426-G432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Traynor O.J. Canine Interdigestive and postprandial gallbladder motility and emptying / Traynor O.J., Dozois R.R., DiMagno E.P //Am. J. Physiol. - 1984. - V. 246. - P. G426-G432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasler W.L. Motility of the small intestine and colon/ In: Yamada T. (ed.) Gastroenterology, 2003 vol. 1 p. 220-247. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasler W.L. Motility of the small intestine and colon/ In: Yamada T. (ed.) Gastroenterology, 2003 vol. 1 p. 220-247. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharkawy T.Y. Neural control of the intestinal migrating myoelectric complex. A pharmacological analysis/El Sharkawy T.Y., Markus H., Diamant N.E. // Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. - 1982. - V. 60. - P. 794-804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharkawy T.Y. Neural control of the intestinal migrating myoelectric complex. A pharmacological analysis/El Sharkawy T.Y., Markus H., Diamant N.E. // Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. - 1982. - V. 60. - P. 794-804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Douglas D.M. Longitudinal and circumferential spread of spike bursts in canine jejunum in vivo / Douglas D.M., Mann F.C., Dusdieker N.S., Summers R. W.//Am. Physiol. - 1980. - V. 239. - P. G311-G318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Douglas D.M. Longitudinal and circumferential spread of spike bursts in canine jejunum in vivo / Douglas D.M., Mann F.C., Dusdieker N.S., Summers R. W.//Am. Physiol. - 1980. - V. 239. - P. G311-G318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarna S.K. Giant migrating contractions and their myoelectric correlates in the small intestine //Am. J. Physiol. - 1987. - V. 253. - P. 697-705.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarna S.K. Giant migrating contractions and their myoelectric correlates in the small intestine //Am. J. Physiol. - 1987. - V. 253. - P. 697-705.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaru A. Colonic giant migrating contractions induced by glycerol enema in anesthetized rats / Ishii A., Kishibayashi N., Karasawa A.//JPN. J. Pharmacol. - 1993. - V. 63. - P. 525-528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomaru A. Colonic giant migrating contractions induced by glycerol enema in anesthetized rats / Ishii A., Kishibayashi N., Karasawa A.//JPN. J. Pharmacol. - 1993. - V. 63. - P. 525-528.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassotti G. Colonic motility in ulcerative colitis / Bassotti G.,Antonelli E., Villanacci V.,Baldoni M., Dore M.P.United European // Gastroenterol J. Dec 2014; 2(6): 457-462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassotti G. Colonic motility in ulcerative colitis / Bassotti G.,Antonelli E., Villanacci V.,Baldoni M., Dore M.P.United European // Gastroenterol J. Dec 2014; 2(6): 457-462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jansson G. Hypothalamic control of adrenergic outflow to the stomach in the cat / Jansson G., Lisander B., Martinson J. // Acta Physiol. Scand. -1969. - V. 75. - P. 176-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jansson G. Hypothalamic control of adrenergic outflow to the stomach in the cat / Jansson G., Lisander B., Martinson J. // Acta Physiol. Scand. -1969. - V. 75. - P. 176-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cirillo C. Ulcerative Colitis - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Complications Edited by Mortimer B. O’Connor, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 14, - 2011. - P. 29-50. Enteric Nervous System Abnormalities in Ulcerative Colitis By Carla Cirillo, Giovanni Sarnelli and Rosario Cuomo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cirillo C. Ulcerative Colitis - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Complications Edited by Mortimer B. O’Connor, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 14, - 2011. - P. 29-50. Enteric Nervous System Abnormalities in Ulcerative Colitis By Carla Cirillo, Giovanni Sarnelli and Rosario Cuomo</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakhan S.E. Neuroinflammation in inflammatory bowel disease / Lakhan S.E., Kirchgessner A. // J. Neuroinflammation. - 2010. - V.7. - P. 37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakhan S.E. Neuroinflammation in inflammatory bowel disease / Lakhan S.E., Kirchgessner A. // J. Neuroinflammation. - 2010. - V.7. - P. 37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mottet N.K. Histopathologic spectrum of regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis /7. Immunohistochemical localization of the antioxidant enzymes biliverdin reductase and heme oxygenase-2 Mottet N.K. //Major Problems in Pathology. - 1971. - Vol. 2. - P. 1-249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mottet N.K. Histopathologic spectrum of regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis /7. Immunohistochemical localization of the antioxidant enzymes biliverdin reductase and heme oxygenase-2 Mottet N.K. //Major Problems in Pathology. - 1971. - Vol. 2. - P. 1-249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rienmann J.F. Ultrastructural changes in the gut autonomic nervous system following laxative abuse and in other conditions / Rienmann J.F., Schmidt H. // Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology - 1982. - V. 71. - P. 111-124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rienmann J.F. Ultrastructural changes in the gut autonomic nervous system following laxative abuse and in other conditions / Rienmann J.F., Schmidt H. // Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology - 1982. - V. 71. - P. 111-124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lomax A.E. Plasticity of the enteric nervous system during intestinal inflammation./ Lomax A.E., Fernandez, E. &amp; Sharkey, K.A.// Neurogastroenterology and Motilility, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2005, pp. 4-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lomax A.E. Plasticity of the enteric nervous system during intestinal inflammation./ Lomax A.E., Fernandez, E. &amp; Sharkey, K.A.// Neurogastroenterology and Motilility, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2005, pp. 4-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linden D.R., Indiscriminate loss of myenteric neurones in the TNBS-inflamed guinea-pig distal colon / Linden D.R., Couvrette J.M., Ciolino A., McQuoid C., Blaszyk H., Sharkey K.A., Mawe G.M. // Neurogastroenterol. Motil. - 2005. - V.17(5). -P.751-760.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linden D.R., Indiscriminate loss of myenteric neurones in the TNBS-inflamed guinea-pig distal colon / Linden D.R., Couvrette J.M., Ciolino A., McQuoid C., Blaszyk H., Sharkey K.A., Mawe G.M. // Neurogastroenterol. Motil. - 2005. - V.17(5). -P.751-760.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandrasekharan B., Srinivasan S. Diabetes and the enteric nervous system / Srinivasan S. // Neurogastroenterol. Motil. - 2007. - № 19(12). - P. 951-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandrasekharan B., Srinivasan S. Diabetes and the enteric nervous system / Srinivasan S. // Neurogastroenterol. Motil. - 2007. - № 19(12). - P. 951-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
