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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.2020.28(4):461</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-461</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗА НА КРОЛИКАХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS ON RABBITS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2712-0227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаулин</surname><given-names>Алексей Михайлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chaulin</surname><given-names>Aleksey M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры гистологии и эмбриологии Самарского государственного медицинского университета, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики клинико-диагностической лаборатории Самарского областного клинического кардиологического диспансера имени В.П. Полякова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">alekseymichailovich22976@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-1003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorieva</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры гистологии и эмбриологии Самарского государственного медицинского университета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">histology@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суворова</surname><given-names>Галина Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suvorova</surname><given-names>Galina N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой гистологии и эмбриологии Самарского государственного медицинского университета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">gsuvmed@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-2976</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дупляков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Викторович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Duplyakov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры кардиологии и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии Самарского государственного медицинского университета, заместитель главного врача по медицинской части Самарского областного клинического кардиологического диспансера имени В.П. Полякова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">duplyakov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет,&#13;
Самарский областной клинический кардиологический диспансер имени В.П. Полякова, Самара</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University, Polyakov Samara Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary, Samara</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет, Самара</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University, Samara</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чаулин А.М., Григорьева Ю.В., Суворова Г.Н., Дупляков Д.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чаулин А.М., Григорьева Ю.В., Суворова Г.Н., Дупляков Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chaulin A.M., Grigorieva Y.V., Suvorova G.N., Duplyakov D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/461">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/461</self-uri><abstract><p>Атеросклероз является главной причиной сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, которые, несмотря на ряд новых достижений в их диагностике и лечении, по-прежнему занимают лидирующие позиции. Важную роль в изучении фундаментальных патофизиологических процессов и патоморфологии атеросклероза играет экспериментальное моделирование атеросклероза на лабораторных животных. Кролики являются одними из наиболее приемлемых животных для моделирования атеросклероза, поскольку широко доступны, недороги в содержании и удобны для проведения манипуляций. Ключевое преимущество кроликов перед остальными животными заключается в том, что метаболизм липидов у них практически сходен с таковым у человека. Цель исследования – анализ данных литературы по экспериментальным моделям атеросклероза на кроликах. В обзоре показано, что история изучения атеросклероза посредством экспериментальных моделей весьма насыщена и берет свое начало с работ известных отечественных врачей-патологов А.И. Игнатовского, Н.Н. Аничкова, С.С. Халатова (1908-1915), которые разработали холестериновую модель формирования атеросклероза на кроликах. Принцип данной модели заключается в кормлении лабораторных животных пищей, содержащей повышенные уровни липидов и холестерина. Состав холестериновой (атерогенной) диеты может различаться, определяя существование модификаций данной модели. Чаще всего используют диету с содержанием холестерина 0,3-0,5%, в случаях, когда необходимо ускорить развитие атеросклероза допускается непродолжительное применение диеты с 1%-ным содержанием холестерина. Помимо холестерина в составе атерогенной диеты рекомендуется использовать растительные масла (соевое, кокосовое или кукурузное), поскольку они улучшают абсорбцию холестрина в кишечнике. В 1980 году японский исследователь Y. Watanabe вывел новую модель формирования атеросклероза – на наследственно обусловленных гиперлипидемических кроликах Ватанабэ (WHHL-кролики). WHHL-кролики содержат генетическую мутацию в гене, кодирующем рецепторы липопротеинов низкой плотности, в результате чего эти животные имеют высокий уровень холестерина в плазме крови при обычном рационе питания. Благодаря современным генетическим технологиям были также созданы различные генетические модели атеросклероза на кроликах: трансгенные и «нокаутированные» кролики. Основным методом получения трансгенных кроликов является пронуклеарная микроинъекция, позволяющая внедрить в их геном трансген (дополнительный фрагмент ДНК). К настоящему времени при помощи этой технологий удалось внедрить более десятка генов, ответственных за метаболизм липидов. Принцип создания «нокаутированных» кроликов заключается в специфической инактивации при помощи технологий редактирования генома (ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9) определенного рабочего гена. Экспериментальные модели атеросклероза на кроликах не утратили своего значения и по-прежнему продолжают использоваться для изучения фундаментальных морфологических (патоморфологических) и патологических механизмов, лежащих в основе атеросклероза, поиска новых диагностических биомаркеров и потенциальных мишеней для терапевтического воздействия, а также при проведении доклинических испытаний вновь разработанных препаратов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases, which, despite a number of new advances in their diagnosis and treatment, still occupy a leading position. Experimental modeling of atherosclerosis in laboratory animals plays an important role in the study of the fundamental pathophysiological processes and pathology of atherosclerosis. Rabbits are among the most suitable animals for simulating atherosclerosis, as they are widely available, inexpensive to maintain, and easy to manipulate. The key advantage of rabbits over other animals is that their lipid metabolism is practically similar to that of humans. The aim of the study was to analyze literature data on experimental models of atherosclerosis in rabbits. The review shows that the history of the study of atherosclerosis by means of experimental models is very rich and originates from the works of the well-known Russian pathologists A.I. Ignatovsky, N.N. Anichkov, S.S. Khalatov (1908-1915), who developed a cholesterol model of the formation of atherosclerosis in rabbits. The principle of this model is to feed laboratory animals with food containing elevated levels of lipids and cholesterol. The composition of the cholesterol (atherogenic) diet may vary, determining the existence of modifications of this model. Most often, a diet with a cholesterol content of 0.3-0.5% is used, in cases where it is necessary to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, a short-term use of a diet with a 1% cholesterol content is allowed. In addition to cholesterol, it is recommended to use vegetable oils (soybean, coconut or corn) in the atherogenic diet as they improve the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine. In 1980, Japanese researcher Y. Watanabe deduced a new model of atherosclerosis formation - on hereditarily determined hyperlipidemic rabbits Watanabe (WHHL-rabbits). WHHL rabbits contain a genetic mutation in the gene encoding low-density lipoprotein receptors, which results in these animals having high plasma cholesterol levels with a normal diet. Thanks to modern genetic technologies, various genetic models of atherosclerosis in rabbits have also been created: transgenic and “knocked out” rabbits. The main method for obtaining transgenic rabbits is pronuclear microinjection, which allows the introduction of a transgene (additional DNA fragment) into their genome. To date, using this technology, it has been possible to introduce more than a dozen genes responsible for lipid metabolism. The principle of creating knocked out rabbits consists in specific inactivation using genome editing technologies (ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR / Cas9) of a certain working gene. Experimental models of atherosclerosis in rabbits have not lost their significance and continue to be used to study the fundamental morphological (pathological) and pathological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis, to search for new diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets for therapeutic effects, as well as to conduct preclinical trials of newly developed drugs.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>лабораторные модели</kwd><kwd>кролики</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>патология</kwd><kwd>патофизиология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>laboratory models</kwd><kwd>rabbits</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>pathology</kwd><kwd>pathophysiology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aronov DM, Lupanov VP. 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