<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.17(25).03.8-13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-62</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ И ОБЩЕТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW'S AND GENERAL THEORETICAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЧЁРНАЯ РЕАКЦИЯ ГОЛЬДЖИ И ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЖИВЫХ АКСОНОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>GOLGI BLACK REACTION AND THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF LIVING AXONS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сотников</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sotnikov</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ossotnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокурина</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokurina</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kokurina.tatyana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбакова</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybakova</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov Institute of Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сотников О.С., Кокурина Т.Н., Рыбакова Г.И., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сотников О.С., Кокурина Т.Н., Рыбакова Г.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sotnikov O.S., Kokurina T.N., Rybakova G.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/62">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/62</self-uri><abstract><p>В 1873 году выдающийся итальянский морфолог К. Гольджи изобрел уникальный метод окраски нервной ткани, с помощью которой получил великолепные препараты, открывшие миру микроскопическую картину мозга и периферической нервной системы. Метод, названный черной реакцией, отличался удивительно контрастным выявлением структуры, которую нейрогистологи называли аксоном или осевым цилиндром. Наименование этой структуры просуществовало почти полтора века, но вдруг, прижизненная микроскопия обнаружила, что аргентофильные методы, включая и черную реакцию, выявляют не аксон, а только резко сжатую, истонченную часть цитоскелета аксоплазмы. При этом становится невидимым конус перехвата Ранвье. Оказывается, при аргентофильной обработке миелиновых нервных волокон филаментозно-тубулярные белковые полимеры аксоплазмы сгущаются, что приводит к снижению степени их дисперсности. В результате формируется плотная, истонченная, эластичная структура, названная нами аксиальным тяжом. Вокруг него, между ним и миелиновой оболочкой образуется забытое в нейрогистологии так называемое пространство Маутнера. Прижизненная микроскопия, таким образом, превращая статическую морфологию в кинетические исследования, способна уточнять знания о структуре нервной системы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 1873, the famous Italian morphologist C. Golgi invented a unique technique for coloring the nervous tissue with which he received magnificent preparations that opened the world a microscopic picture of the brain and the peripheral nervous system. The technique, called the black reaction, was characterized by a surprisingly contrasting identification of a structure that neurohistologists called an axon or axial cylinder. The name of this structure lasted almost a century and a half, but suddenly the intravital microscopy revealed that the argentophilic techniques, including the black reaction, reveal not the axon, but only the sharply compressed, thinned structure of the axoplasmic cytoskeleton, which we call the axial line. As a result, the Ranvier intercept cone becomes invisible. It turns out that in the course of the argentophilic treatment of myelinic nerve fibers, the filamentous-tubular protein polymers of the axoplasm is aggregated, which leads to a decrease in the degree of their dispersity and aggregation. As a result, a tight, thin, elastic cord is formed. Around him, between him and the myelin sheath, unremembered in neurohistology the Mautner space is formed. Intravital microscopy thus, transforming static morphology into kinetic studies, is able to clarify the knowledge of the structure of the nervous system.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аксон</kwd><kwd>метод Гольджи</kwd><kwd>осевой цилиндр</kwd><kwd>аксоплазма</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>axon</kwd><kwd>Golgi method</kwd><kwd>axial cylinder</kwd><kwd>axoplasm</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazzarello P. Camillo Golgi's scientific biography, J. Hist. Neurosci. 1999; 8(2): 121-131. (Dalhousie Univerity, 2012).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazzarello P. Camillo Golgi's scientific biography, J. Hist. Neurosci. 1999; 8(2): 121-131. (Dalhousie Univerity, 2012).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leeuwenhoek A. Observations in nervos, Operaomnia, 1719; 4: 348-380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leeuwenhoek A. Observations in nervos, Operaomnia, 1719; 4: 348-380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nemilov A.V. Gistologicheskoe stroenie dorzal'nykh koreshkov i belogo veshchestva spinnogo mozga. Leningrad: Izdanie LGU, 1913, 315 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemilov A.V. Gistologicheskoe stroenie dorzal'nykh koreshkov i belogo veshchestva spinnogo mozga. Leningrad: Izdanie LGU, 1913, 315 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maksimov A. Osnovy gistologii. Uchenie o tkanyakh. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo Leningrad, 1918, ch. 2, 341 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimov A. Osnovy gistologii. Uchenie o tkanyakh. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo Leningrad, 1918, ch. 2, 341 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazzarini R.A., Griffin J.W., Lissaman H.L., Nave K-A., Miller R.H., Trapp B.D. Myelin biology and disorders, Amsterdam: Elsivier, Acaalomic press, 2004, 659 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazzarini R.A., Griffin J.W., Lissaman H.L., Nave K-A., Miller R.H., Trapp B.D. Myelin biology and disorders, Amsterdam: Elsivier, Acaalomic press, 2004, 659 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stöhr Ph. Jr. Nervensystem. I.Teil, Berlin: In Handbuch der mikr Anat, 1908.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stöhr Ph. Jr. Nervensystem. I.Teil, Berlin: In Handbuch der mikr Anat, 1908.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramon y Cajal S. The neuron and the glial cell, Illinois, NY USA: Charles C Thomas. Publisher. Springfield, 1984, 355 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramon y Cajal S. The neuron and the glial cell, Illinois, NY USA: Charles C Thomas. Publisher. Springfield, 1984, 355 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mauthner L. Recherches sur la structure du systeme nerveux, Paris: Recueil des Travaux de la Societe Medicale Allemande, 1865, 22 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mauthner L. Recherches sur la structure du systeme nerveux, Paris: Recueil des Travaux de la Societe Medicale Allemande, 1865, 22 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranv'e L. Tekhnicheskiy uchebnik gistologii. Sankt-Peterburg, 1876-1881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranv'e L. Tekhnicheskiy uchebnik gistologii. Sankt-Peterburg, 1876-1881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lantermann A.J. Bemerkungen über den feineren Bau der markhaltigen Nervenfasern, Centralblatt medic. Wass., 1874; 45: 706-709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lantermann A.J. Bemerkungen über den feineren Bau der markhaltigen Nervenfasern, Centralblatt medic. Wass., 1874; 45: 706-709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt H.D. On the construction of the dark or doublebor - dered nerve fibre, Monthly Micr. J., 1874, p. 11-225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt H.D. On the construction of the dark or doublebor - dered nerve fibre, Monthly Micr. J., 1874, p. 11-225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shvann T. Mikroskopicheskie issledovaniya o sootvetstvii i strukture i roste zhivotnykh i rasteniy. Moskva-Leningrad, 1939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shvann T. Mikroskopicheskie issledovaniya o sootvetstvii i strukture i roste zhivotnykh i rasteniy. Moskva-Leningrad, 1939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Renyi G.St. The structure of cells in tissue as revealed by microdissection, II. The physical properties of the living axis cylinder in the myelinated nerve fiber of the frog. J. Comp. Neurol., 1929, vol. 47, p. 405-425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Renyi G.St. The structure of cells in tissue as revealed by microdissection, II. The physical properties of the living axis cylinder in the myelinated nerve fiber of the frog. J. Comp. Neurol., 1929, vol. 47, p. 405-425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Kuppfer A. Über den «Achsencylinder» markhaltiger Nervenfasern. Sitz.-Ber. der math.-phys. Kl. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch., H. 3, 1887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Kuppfer A. Über den «Achsencylinder» markhaltiger Nervenfasern. Sitz.-Ber. der math.-phys. Kl. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch., H. 3, 1887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann E. Nervenmark - und Achsencylindertropfen, Virchow's Arch., 1898, Bd. 152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann E. Nervenmark - und Achsencylindertropfen, Virchow's Arch., 1898, Bd. 152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramon y Cajal S. Degeneration Regeneration of the Nervous System, NY, USA: Hafner Publishing Co, 1959, 396 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramon y Cajal S. Degeneration Regeneration of the Nervous System, NY, USA: Hafner Publishing Co, 1959, 396 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nemechek S., Byygar I., Vol'ff I., Vysotskaya F., Lodin Z. Vvedenie v neyrobiologiyu. Praga: Avicenum, 1978, 413 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemechek S., Byygar I., Vol'ff I., Vysotskaya F., Lodin Z. Vvedenie v neyrobiologiyu. Praga: Avicenum, 1978, 413 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sotnikov O.S. Funktsional'naya morfologiya zhivogo myakotnogo volokna. Leningrad: Nauka, 1976, 100 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sotnikov O.S. Funktsional'naya morfologiya zhivogo myakotnogo volokna. Leningrad: Nauka, 1976, 100 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Remak R. Observationes Anatomicae et Microscopicae de Berolini, Systematis Nervosi Structura, 1838, p. 1-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Remak R. Observationes Anatomicae et Microscopicae de Berolini, Systematis Nervosi Structura, 1838, p. 1-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babukhin A.I. Elektricheskie organy u ryb. Moskva: ZAO «Retinoidy», 2007, 87 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babukhin A.I. Elektricheskie organy u ryb. Moskva: ZAO «Retinoidy», 2007, 87 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkcaldie M.T., Collins J.M. The axon as a physical strukture in health and acute trauma. J. Chem Neuroanat. 2016; 76(Pt. A): 9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkcaldie M.T., Collins J.M. The axon as a physical strukture in health and acute trauma. J. Chem Neuroanat. 2016; 76(Pt. A): 9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sotnikov O.S. Properties live axoplasm, Single Cell Biology, 2016, p. 3-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sotnikov O.S. Properties live axoplasm, Single Cell Biology, 2016, p. 3-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saifetiarova J., Tayior A.M., Bhat M.A. Early and late loss of the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein, ankyrin G reveals its role in maturation and maintenance of nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons, J. Neurosci., 2017; 37(10): 2524-2538. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2661-16.2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saifetiarova J., Tayior A.M., Bhat M.A. Early and late loss of the cytoskeletal scaffolding protein, ankyrin G reveals its role in maturation and maintenance of nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons, J. Neurosci., 2017; 37(10): 2524-2538. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2661-16.2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor A.M., Saifetiarova J., Bhat M.A. Postnatal loss of neuronal and glial neurofascins differentially affects node of Ranvier maintenance and myelinated axon funcion, Front Cell Neurosci., 2017; 11: 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor A.M., Saifetiarova J., Bhat M.A. Postnatal loss of neuronal and glial neurofascins differentially affects node of Ranvier maintenance and myelinated axon funcion, Front Cell Neurosci., 2017; 11: 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ugrenovic S., Jovanovic I., Vasovic L., Kundalic B., Cukuranovic R., Stefanovic V. Morphometric analysis of the diameter and g-ratio of the myelinated nerve fibers of the human sciatic nerve during the aging process, Anat. Sci. Int., 2016; 91(3): 238-45. doi: 10.1007/s12565-015-0287-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ugrenovic S., Jovanovic I., Vasovic L., Kundalic B., Cukuranovic R., Stefanovic V. Morphometric analysis of the diameter and g-ratio of the myelinated nerve fibers of the human sciatic nerve during the aging process, Anat. Sci. Int., 2016; 91(3): 238-45. doi: 10.1007/s12565-015-0287-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaprianova E., Sotnikov O.S., Deleva D. Early neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, III Nat. Congr. Bulgar. Soc. Neurosci. Sofia: Bulgar, 2005: 40-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaprianova E., Sotnikov O.S., Deleva D. Early neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, III Nat. Congr. Bulgar. Soc. Neurosci. Sofia: Bulgar, 2005: 40-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
