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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.17(25).03.14-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-63</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ И ОБЩЕТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW'S AND GENERAL THEORETICAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭПИТЕЛИАЛЬНО-МЕЗЕНХИМНЫЙ ПЕРЕХОД, ТРАНСДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ, РЕПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЕ И МЕТАПЛАЗИЯ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, TRANSDIFFERENTIATION, REPROGRAMMING AND METAPLASIA: MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мнихович</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mnikhovich</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">mnichmaxim@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вернигородский</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vernigorodsky</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vernsot@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буньков</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bun’Kov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">grei.dorian2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ НИИ морфологии человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Винницкий национальный медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Vinnitsa National Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Смоленский областной институт патологии; Смоленский областной институт патологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Smolensk Regional Pathology Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мнихович М.В., Вернигородский С.В., Буньков К.В., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мнихович М.В., Вернигородский С.В., Буньков К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mnikhovich M.V., Vernigorodsky S.V., Bun’Kov K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/63">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/63</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье на основе анализа литературы и результатов собственных наблюдений показано формирование современных взглядов на проблемы метаплазии, трансдифференциации, репрограммирования клеток и эпителиальномезенхимального перехода. Трансдифференциация в статье рассматривается в качестве разновидности метаплазии, которая характеризуется необратимым переходом уже дифференцированных клеток в другой тип, вследствие потери одного фенотипа и получения другого. Метаплазия, в широком аспекте использования термина, означает превращение одного клеточного или тканевого фенотипа в другой и происходит как путем превращения стволовых клеток, так и прямой конверсии уже дифференцированных клеток. Помимо этого, метаплазию можно рассматривать как потенциально обратимое изменение, при котором дифференцированные типы клеток замещаются другими дифференцированными типами клеток, как правило, лучше приспособленных к трансформированным условиям среды. Эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход -процесс изменения эпителиальными клетками эпителиального фенотипа на мезенхимальный, происходящий в эмбриональном развитии, при заживлении ран, а также при патологических процессах, в том числе опухолевой прогрессии и фиброзе. Эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход, метаплазия, трансдифференциация и репрограммирование клеток являются сложными динамическими патофизиологическими процессами, зависящими от взаимодействия скоординированных молекулярных сигнальных путей. Они играют ключевую роль во время эмбрионального развития, позволяя клеткам мигрировать для создания необходимых тканей и развития органов. Это объясняет постнатальные изменения тканей, возникающие при заживлении ран и фиброзе, их участие в инвазии и прогрессии опухолей. Понимание молекулярных механизмов, вовлеченных в эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход, трансдифференциацию, метаплазию и репрограммирование может открыть новые перспективы в изучении канцерогенеза, создании эффективных таргетных лекарственных средств, действующих целенаправленно на определенный сигнальный путь или рецептор. Рассмотренные в настоящей статье особенности метаплазии, трансдифференциации, эпителиально-мезенхимального перехода и клеточного репрограммирования позволяют представить лишь общие контуры событий, которые возникают при межклеточных взаимодействиях через активацию различных молекулярно-генетических путей. Ежегодное открытие новых факторов, участвующих в межклеточных взаимодействиях ставит перед исследователями важные задачи, которые возможно разрешить только при тесном международном сотрудничестве научного сообщества.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article portrays modern views on the problems of formation of metaplasia, transdifferentiation and reprogramming of cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition on the basis of analysis of literature and the results of our own observations. Transdifferentiation in this article is considered as a kind of metaplasia, which is characterized by an irreversible transition of already differentiated cells into another type, due to the loss of one phenotype and the production of another. Metaplasia, in its broad aspect means the transformation of one cellular or tissue phenotype into another and occurs both through the transformation of stem cells and direct conversion of already differentiated cells. In addition to this metaplasia can be considered as a potentially reversible change, in which differentiated cell types are replaced by other differentiated cell types, usually better adapted to the transformed environmental conditions. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is the process of epithelial cells alteration of epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype occurring in embryonic development, healing of wounds as well as in the pathological processes, including tumor progression and fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metaplasia, transdifferentiation and cell reprogramming are complex dynamic pathophysiological processes that depend on the interaction of coordinated molecular signaling pathways. They play a key role during embryonic development, allowing cells to migrate to create the necessary tissues and organ development. This explains of the postnatal tissue changes that occur during wound healing and fibrosis, their involvement in the invasion and progression of tumors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, transdifferentiation, metaplasia and reprogramming can open up new perspectives in the study of carcinogenesis, the creation of effective targeted drugs that act purposefully on a particular signaling pathway or receptor. The features of metaplasia, transdifferentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cellular reprogramming considered in this article allow us to present only the general outlines of events that arise during intercellular interactions through the activation of various molecular genetic pathways. The annual discovery of new factors involved in intercellular interactions pose important tasks for researchers, which can be solved only with close international co-operation of the scientific community.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метаплазия</kwd><kwd>трансдифференциация</kwd><kwd>репрограмирование</kwd><kwd>эпителиально-мезенхимальный переход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metaplasia</kwd><kwd>transdifferentiation</kwd><kwd>reprogramming</kwd><kwd>epithelial-mesenchymal transition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аруин Л.И. О морфогенезе кишечной метаплазии слизистой оболочки желудка / Под ред. акад. АМН СССР В.Х. Василенко и проф. А.С. Логинова // Актуальные вопросы гасторэнтерологии: Сб. тр. - М., 1972. - С. 103-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аруин Л.И. 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