<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.2022.30(3).670</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ И ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ФОРМЫ И РАЗМЕРОВ КЛЕТОЧНОГО ЯДРА (ОБЗОР)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MECHANISMS OF THE KEEPING AND CHANGE OF FORMS AND SIZES OF THE CELL NUCLEI (REVIEW)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-0902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арешидзе</surname><given-names>Давид Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Areshidze</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией патологии клетки</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Cell Pathology Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">labcelpat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Арешидзе Д.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арешидзе Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Areshidze D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/670">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/670</self-uri><abstract><p>Размер и форма клеточного ядра являются одними из часто используемых параметров в исследованиях отечественных и зарубежных авторов, не только как необходимые для расчета ядерно-цитоплазматического отношения клетки в онтогенезе, дифференцировке, при патологических процессах, но и имеющие ценность сами как таковые. Однако в дискуссиях высказываются две крайние точки зрения на ценность информации о форме и, особенно, о размере ядра. Согласно первой точке зрения морфометрия размеров и формы ядра клетки без измерения цитоплазмы с последующим вычислением ядерно-цитоплазматического отношения не имеет никакого смысла, а полученные данные не несут значимой информации. Сторонники второй точки зрения рассматривают клеточное ядро как лабильный и значимый индикатор морфофункционального состояния клетки, размер и форма которого меняются при нормальном старении, патологических состояниях, пролиферации, экспрессии генов и синтезе белков. В связи с этим проведен мета-анализ современной научной литературы, посвященной исследованию механизмов поддержания и изменения размеров и формы ядра клетки. Полученные данные подвергались аналитическому исследованию на предмет формулировок и объяснения структур, факторов и механизмов поддержания, изменения размеров, формы ядра клетки. На основе анализа данных отечественных и зарубежных источников можно с уверенностью утверждать о том, что количество ДНК в ядре не является единственным фактором, определяющим его размеры и форму, но на ядерную морфологию могут влиять структура и модификация хроматина. Можно считать доказанным, что ведущими структурами клетки, определяющими размер и форму клеточного ядра, являются цитоскелет, комплекс ядерных пор, ядерная мембрана, эндоплазматический ретикулум, а факторами - ядерно-цитоплазматический обмен и осмолярность. Дальнейшее изучение структур и факторов, влияющих на размер и форму ядра, установление взаимосвязи между его морфологией и процессами, происходящими на тканевом и клеточном уровнях, обещает предоставить новые подходы к диагностике, профилактике и лечению ряда заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The size and shape of the cell nucleus are the frequently used parameters in the studies of Russian and foreign-states authors, not only as necessary for calculating the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of a cell in ontogenesis, differentiation, and pathological processes, but also having values as such. However, in discussions, two extreme points of view are expressed on the value of information about the shape and, especially, about the size of the nucleus. According to the first point of view, the morphometry of the size and shape of the cell nucleus without measuring the cytoplasm with the subsequent calculation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio does not make any sense, and the data obtained do not carry significant information. Proponents of the second point of view consider the cell nucleus as a labile and significant indicator of the morphological and functional state of the cell, the size and shape of which change during normal aging, pathological conditions, proliferation, gene expression, and protein synthesis. In this regard, a meta-analysis of modern scientific literature devoted to the study of the mechanisms of maintaining and changing the size and shape of the cell nucleus was carried out. The data obtained were subjected to an analytical study in order to formulate and explain the structures, factors and mechanisms of maintenance, changes in the size, shape of the cell nucleus. Based on the analysis of data from Russian and foreign-states sources, it can be confidently stated that the amount of DNA in the nucleus is not the only factor that determines its size and shape, but also the structure and modification of chromatin can affect nuclear morphology. It can be considered proven that the leading structures of the cell that determine the size and shape of the cell nucleus are the cytoskeleton, the complex of nuclear pores, the nuclear lamina, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the factors are nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange and osmolarity. Further study of the structures and factors affecting the size and shape of the nucleus, establishing the relationship between its morphology and processes occurring at the tissue and cellular levels, promises to provide new approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a number of diseases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клеточное ядро</kwd><kwd>ядерно-цитоплазматическое отношение</kwd><kwd>кариолемма</kwd><kwd>белки ядерной мембраны</kwd><kwd>ламинины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cell nucleus</kwd><kwd>nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio</kwd><kwd>nuclear lamins</kwd><kwd>nuclear lamina’s proteins</kwd><kwd>laminins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldman RD, Shumaker DK, Erdos MR, et al. Accumulation of mutant lamin A causes progressive changes in nuclear architecture in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(24):8963-8968. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402943101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldman RD, Shumaker DK, Erdos MR, et al. Accumulation of mutant lamin A causes progressive changes in nuclear architecture in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(24):8963-8968. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402943101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zink D, Fischer AH, Nickerson JA. Nuclear structure in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(9):677-687. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zink D, Fischer AH, Nickerson JA. Nuclear structure in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(9):677-687. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katta SS, Smoyer CJ, Jaspersen SL. Destination: inner nuclear membrane. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24(4):221-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katta SS, Smoyer CJ, Jaspersen SL. Destination: inner nuclear membrane. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24(4):221-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veltri RW, Khan MA, Miller MC, et al. Ability to predict metastasis based on pathology findings and alterations in nuclear structure of normal-appearing and cancer peripheral zone epithelium in the prostate. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(10):3465-3473. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0635</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veltri RW, Khan MA, Miller MC, et al. Ability to predict metastasis based on pathology findings and alterations in nuclear structure of normal-appearing and cancer peripheral zone epithelium in the prostate. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(10):3465-3473. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0635</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smoyer CJ, Jaspersen SL. Patrolling the nucleus: inner nuclear membrane-associated degradation. Curr Genet. 2019;65(5):1099-1106. DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00971-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smoyer CJ, Jaspersen SL. Patrolling the nucleus: inner nuclear membrane-associated degradation. Curr Genet. 2019;65(5):1099-1106. DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00971-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edens LJ, White KH, Jevtic P, et al. Nuclear size regulation: from single cells to development and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2013;23(4):151-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.11.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edens LJ, White KH, Jevtic P, et al. Nuclear size regulation: from single cells to development and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2013;23(4):151-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.11.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Köhler A, Hurt E. Gene regulation by nucleoporins and links to cancer. Mol Cell. 2010;38(1):6-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Köhler A, Hurt E. Gene regulation by nucleoporins and links to cancer. Mol Cell. 2010;38(1):6-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon DN, Rout MP. Cancer and the nuclear pore complex. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;773:285-307. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon DN, Rout MP. Cancer and the nuclear pore complex. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;773:285-307. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diehl BJ. Time-related changes in size of nuclei of pinealocytes in rats. Cell Tissue Res. 1981;218(2):427-438. DOI: 10.1007/BF00210355</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diehl BJ. Time-related changes in size of nuclei of pinealocytes in rats. Cell Tissue Res. 1981;218(2):427-438. DOI: 10.1007/BF00210355</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber P, Kula-Eversole E, Pyza E. Circadian control of dendrite morphology in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4290. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004290</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber P, Kula-Eversole E, Pyza E. Circadian control of dendrite morphology in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4290. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004290</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev Neurosci. 2009;31(4):276-284. DOI: 10.1159/000216538</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev Neurosci. 2009;31(4):276-284. DOI: 10.1159/000216538</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinke H, Asher G. Liver size: Waning by day, Waxing by Night. Hepatol. 2018;67(1):441-443. DOI: 10.1002/hep.29506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinke H, Asher G. Liver size: Waning by day, Waxing by Night. Hepatol. 2018;67(1):441-443. DOI: 10.1002/hep.29506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Górska-Andrzejak J, Keller A, Raabe T, et al. Structural daily rhythms in GFP-labelled neurons in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2005;4(9):721-726. DOI: 10.1039/b417023g</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Górska-Andrzejak J, Keller A, Raabe T, et al. Structural daily rhythms in GFP-labelled neurons in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2005;4(9):721-726. DOI: 10.1039/b417023g</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slesareva EV, Arav VI, Khayrullin RM, Slesarev SM. Sutochnaya struktura morfofunktsional'noy organizatsii endokrinnoy tkani semennikov pri narushenii epifizarnoy regulyatsii. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 2009;(3-4):96-99. In Rusian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slesareva EV, Arav VI, Khayrullin RM, Slesarev SM. Sutochnaya struktura morfofunktsional'noy organizatsii endokrinnoy tkani semennikov pri narushenii epifizarnoy regulyatsii. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 2009;(3-4):96-99. In Rusian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trufakin VA, Shurlygina AV, Michurina SV. Limfoidnaya sistema-tsirkadiannaya vremennaya organizatsiya i desinhronoz. Sibirsky nauchny meditsinsky zhurnal. 2012;32(1);5-12. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trufakin VA, Shurlygina AV, Michurina SV. Limfoidnaya sistema-tsirkadiannaya vremennaya organizatsiya i desinhronoz. Sibirsky nauchny meditsinsky zhurnal. 2012;32(1);5-12. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walters AD, Bommakanti A, Cohen-Fix O. Shaping the nucleus: factors and forces. J Cell Biochem. 2012;113(9):2813-21. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walters AD, Bommakanti A, Cohen-Fix O. Shaping the nucleus: factors and forces. J Cell Biochem. 2012;113(9):2813-21. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webster MT, McCaffery JM, Cohen-Fix O. Vesicle trafficking maintains nuclear shape in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during membrane proliferation. J Cell Biol. 2010;13;191(6):1079-88. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201006083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webster MT, McCaffery JM, Cohen-Fix O. Vesicle trafficking maintains nuclear shape in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during membrane proliferation. J Cell Biol. 2010;13;191(6):1079-88. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201006083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt A, Krohne G, Grosshans J. The farnesylated nuclear proteins KUGELKERN and LAMIN B promote aging-like phenotypes in Drosophila flies. Aging Cell. 2008;7(4):541-51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00406.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt A, Krohne G, Grosshans J. The farnesylated nuclear proteins KUGELKERN and LAMIN B promote aging-like phenotypes in Drosophila flies. Aging Cell. 2008;7(4):541-51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00406.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scaffidi P, Misteli T. Lamin A-dependent nuclear defects in human aging. Science. 2006;312(5776):1059-63. DOI: 10.1126/science.1127168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scaffidi P, Misteli T. Lamin A-dependent nuclear defects in human aging. Science. 2006;312(5776):1059-63. DOI: 10.1126/science.1127168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eriksson M, Brown WT, Gordon LB et al. Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature. 2003;423(6937):293-8. DOI: 10.1038/nature01629</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eriksson M, Brown WT, Gordon LB et al. Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature. 2003;423(6937):293-8. DOI: 10.1038/nature01629</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capell BC, Collins FS. Human laminopathies: nuclei gone genetically awry. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(12):940-52. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capell BC, Collins FS. Human laminopathies: nuclei gone genetically awry. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(12):940-52. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1906.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Versaevel M, Grevesse T, Gabriele S. Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells. Nat Commun. 2012;14;3:671. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1668</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Versaevel M, Grevesse T, Gabriele S. Spatial coordination between cell and nuclear shape within micropatterned endothelial cells. Nat Commun. 2012;14;3:671. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1668</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jain N, Iyer KV, Kumar A, Shivashankar GV. Cell geometric constraints induce modular gene-expression patterns via redistribution of HDAC3 regulated by actomyosin contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(28):11349-54. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300801110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jain N, Iyer KV, Kumar A, Shivashankar GV. Cell geometric constraints induce modular gene-expression patterns via redistribution of HDAC3 regulated by actomyosin contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(28):11349-54. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300801110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas CH, Collier JH, Sfeir CS, Healy KE. Engineering gene expression and protein synthesis by modulation of nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(4):1972-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.032668799</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas CH, Collier JH, Sfeir CS, Healy KE. Engineering gene expression and protein synthesis by modulation of nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(4):1972-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.032668799</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strukov AI, Serov VV. Patologicheskaya anatomiya. 5-e izd. Moskva: Lit-terra, 2020. 880s. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strukov AI, Serov VV. Patologicheskaya anatomiya. 5-e izd. Moskva: Lit-terra, 2020. 880s. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kachi T, Banerji TK, Quay WB. Quantitative cytological analysis of functional changes in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in normal, sham-operated, and pinealectomized rats in relation to time-of-day: II. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear size, and pars granulosa of nucleolus. J Pineal Res. 1988;5(2):141-159. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1988.tb00778.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachi T, Banerji TK, Quay WB. Quantitative cytological analysis of functional changes in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in normal, sham-operated, and pinealectomized rats in relation to time-of-day: II. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear size, and pars granulosa of nucleolus. J Pineal Res. 1988;5(2):141-159. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1988.tb00778.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cantwell H, Dey G. Nuclear size and shape control [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 11]. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021;S1084-9521(21)00276-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantwell H, Dey G. Nuclear size and shape control [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 11]. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021;S1084-9521(21)00276-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jevtić P, Levy DL. Both Nuclear Size and DNA Amount Contribute to Midblastula Transition Timing in Xenopus laevis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7908. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08243-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jevtić P, Levy DL. Both Nuclear Size and DNA Amount Contribute to Midblastula Transition Timing in Xenopus laevis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7908. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08243-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann FR, Nurse P. Nuclear size control in fission yeast. J Cell Biol. 2007;179(4):593-600. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200708054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann FR, Nurse P. Nuclear size control in fission yeast. J Cell Biol. 2007;179(4):593-600. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200708054</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maeshima K, Iino H, Hihara S, et al. Nuclear pore formation but not nuclear growth is governed by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) during interphase. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010;17(9):1065-1071. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1878</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maeshima K, Iino H, Hihara S, et al. Nuclear pore formation but not nuclear growth is governed by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) during interphase. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010;17(9):1065-1071. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hara Y, Iwabuchi M, Ohsumi K, Kimura A. Intranuclear DNA density affects chromosome condensation in metazoans. Mol Biol Cell. 2013;24(15):2442-2453. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E13-01-0043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hara Y, Iwabuchi M, Ohsumi K, Kimura A. Intranuclear DNA density affects chromosome condensation in metazoans. Mol Biol Cell. 2013;24(15):2442-2453. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E13-01-0043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gundersen GG, Worman HJ. Nuclear positioning. Cell. 2013;152(6):1376-1389. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gundersen GG, Worman HJ. Nuclear positioning. Cell. 2013;152(6):1376-1389. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramdas NM, Shivashankar GV. Cytoskeletal control of nuclear morphology and chromatin organization. J Mol Biol. 2015;427(3):695-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramdas NM, Shivashankar GV. Cytoskeletal control of nuclear morphology and chromatin organization. J Mol Biol. 2015;427(3):695-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dantas M, Lima JT, Ferreira JG. Nucleus-Cytoskeleton Crosstalk During Mitotic Entry. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:649899. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649899</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dantas M, Lima JT, Ferreira JG. Nucleus-Cytoskeleton Crosstalk During Mitotic Entry. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:649899. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649899</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlaitz AL, Thompson J, Wong CC, et al. REEP3/4 ensure endoplasmic reticulum clearance from metaphase chromatin and proper nuclear envelope architecture. Dev Cell. 2013;26(3):315-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlaitz AL, Thompson J, Wong CC, et al. REEP3/4 ensure endoplasmic reticulum clearance from metaphase chromatin and proper nuclear envelope architecture. Dev Cell. 2013;26(3):315-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luxton GW, Gomes ER, Folker ES, et al. Linear arrays of nuclear envelope proteins harness retrograde actin flow for nuclear movement. Science. 2010;329(5994):956-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luxton GW, Gomes ER, Folker ES, et al. Linear arrays of nuclear envelope proteins harness retrograde actin flow for nuclear movement. Science. 2010;329(5994):956-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khatau SB, Hale CM, Stewart-Hutchinson PJ, et al. A perinuclear actin cap regulates nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(45):19017-22. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908686106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khatau SB, Hale CM, Stewart-Hutchinson PJ, et al. A perinuclear actin cap regulates nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(45):19017-22. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908686106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gay O, Gilquin B, Nakamura F, et al. RefilinB (FAM101B) targets filamin A to organize perinuclear actin networks and regulates nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(28):11464-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104211108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gay O, Gilquin B, Nakamura F, et al. RefilinB (FAM101B) targets filamin A to organize perinuclear actin networks and regulates nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(28):11464-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104211108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crisp M, Liu Q, Roux K, et al. Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. J Cell Biol. 2006;172(1):41-53. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200509124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crisp M, Liu Q, Roux K, et al. Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. J Cell Biol. 2006;172(1):41-53. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200509124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen B, Co C, Ho CC. Cell shape dependent regulation of nuclear morphology. Biomaterials. 2015;67:129-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen B, Co C, Ho CC. Cell shape dependent regulation of nuclear morphology. Biomaterials. 2015;67:129-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lüke Y, Zaim H, Karakesisoglou I, et al. Nesprin-2 Giant (NUANCE) maintains nuclear envelope architecture and composition in skin. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(11):1887-98. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.019075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lüke Y, Zaim H, Karakesisoglou I, et al. Nesprin-2 Giant (NUANCE) maintains nuclear envelope architecture and composition in skin. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(11):1887-98. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.019075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramdas NM, Shivashankar GV. Cytoskeletal control of nuclear morphology and chromatin organization. J Mol Biol. 2015;427(3):695-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramdas NM, Shivashankar GV. Cytoskeletal control of nuclear morphology and chromatin organization. J Mol Biol. 2015;427(3):695-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue JZ, Woo EM, Postow L, et al. Chromatin-bound Xenopus Dppa2 shapes the nucleus by locally inhibiting microtubule assembly. Dev Cell. 2013;27(1):47-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue JZ, Woo EM, Postow L, et al. Chromatin-bound Xenopus Dppa2 shapes the nucleus by locally inhibiting microtubule assembly. Dev Cell. 2013;27(1):47-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doye V, Hurt E. From nucleoporins to nuclear pore complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997;9(3):401-411. DOI: 10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80014-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doye V, Hurt E. From nucleoporins to nuclear pore complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997;9(3):401-411. DOI: 10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80014-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen NP, Patel SS, Huang L, et al. Deciphering networks of protein interactions at the nuclear pore complex. Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 2002;1(12):930-946. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.T200012-MCP200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen NP, Patel SS, Huang L, et al. Deciphering networks of protein interactions at the nuclear pore complex. Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 2002;1(12):930-946. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.T200012-MCP200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mészáros N, Cibulka J, Mendiburo MJ, et al. Nuclear pore basket proteins are tethered to the nuclear envelope and can regulate membrane curvature. Dev Cell. 2015;33(3):285-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mészáros N, Cibulka J, Mendiburo MJ, et al. Nuclear pore basket proteins are tethered to the nuclear envelope and can regulate membrane curvature. Dev Cell. 2015;33(3):285-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck M, Hurt E. The nuclear pore complex: understanding its function through structural insight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2017;18(2):73-89. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck M, Hurt E. The nuclear pore complex: understanding its function through structural insight. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2017;18(2):73-89. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Vuković LD, Levy DL. Sizing and shaping the nucleus: mechanisms and significance. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2014;28:16-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Vuković LD, Levy DL. Sizing and shaping the nucleus: mechanisms and significance. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2014;28:16-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen X, Yu L, Weir JW, Gorovsky MA. Linker histones are not essential and affect chromatin condensation in vivo. Cell. 1995;82(1):47-56. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90051-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen X, Yu L, Weir JW, Gorovsky MA. Linker histones are not essential and affect chromatin condensation in vivo. Cell. 1995;82(1):47-56. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90051-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dittmer TA, Misteli T. The lamin protein family. Genome Biol. 2011;12(5):222. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dittmer TA, Misteli T. The lamin protein family. Genome Biol. 2011;12(5):222. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwamoto M, Mori C, Kojidani T, et al. Two distinct repeat sequences of Nup98 nucleoporins characterize dual nuclei in the binucleated ciliate tetrahymena. Curr Biol. 2009;19(10):843-847. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwamoto M, Mori C, Kojidani T, et al. Two distinct repeat sequences of Nup98 nucleoporins characterize dual nuclei in the binucleated ciliate tetrahymena. Curr Biol. 2009;19(10):843-847. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Li X, et al. Concentration-dependent Effects of Nuclear Lamins on Nuclear Size in Xenopus and Mammalian Cells. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(46):27557-27571. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.673798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Li X, et al. Concentration-dependent Effects of Nuclear Lamins on Nuclear Size in Xenopus and Mammalian Cells. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(46):27557-27571. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.673798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shumaker DK, Lopez-Soler RI, Adam SA, et al. Functions and dysfunctions of the nuclear lamin Ig-fold domain in nuclear assembly, growth, and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(43):15494-15499. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507612102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shumaker DK, Lopez-Soler RI, Adam SA, et al. Functions and dysfunctions of the nuclear lamin Ig-fold domain in nuclear assembly, growth, and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(43):15494-15499. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507612102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dechat T, Pfleghaar K, Sengupta K, et al. Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin. Genes Dev. 2008;22(7):832-853. DOI: 10.1101/gad.1652708</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dechat T, Pfleghaar K, Sengupta K, et al. Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin. Genes Dev. 2008;22(7):832-853. DOI: 10.1101/gad.1652708</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gruenbaum Y, Margalit A, Goldman RD, et al. The nuclear lamina comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6(1):21-31. DOI: 10.1038/nrm1550</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gruenbaum Y, Margalit A, Goldman RD, et al. The nuclear lamina comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6(1):21-31. DOI: 10.1038/nrm1550</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherjee RN, Chen P, Levy DL. Recent advances in understanding nuclear size and shape. Nucleus. 2016;7(2):167-186. DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1162933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherjee RN, Chen P, Levy DL. Recent advances in understanding nuclear size and shape. Nucleus. 2016;7(2):167-186. DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1162933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stick R, Hausen P. Changes in the nuclear lamina composition during early development of Xenopus laevis. Cell. 1985;41(1):191-200. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90073-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stick R, Hausen P. Changes in the nuclear lamina composition during early development of Xenopus laevis. Cell. 1985;41(1):191-200. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90073-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehner CF, Stick R, Eppenberger HM, Nigg EA. Differential expression of nuclear lamin proteins during chicken development. J Cell Biol. 1987;105(1):577-587. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.105.1.577</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehner CF, Stick R, Eppenberger HM, Nigg EA. Differential expression of nuclear lamin proteins during chicken development. J Cell Biol. 1987;105(1):577-587. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.105.1.577</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Röber RA, Weber K, Osborn M. Differential timing of nuclear lamin A/C expression in the various organs of the mouse embryo and the young animal: a developmental study. Development. 1989;105(2):365-378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Röber RA, Weber K, Osborn M. Differential timing of nuclear lamin A/C expression in the various organs of the mouse embryo and the young animal: a developmental study. Development. 1989;105(2):365-378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradisi M, McClintock D, Boguslavsky RL, et al. Dermal fibroblasts in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome with the lamin A G608G mutation have dysmorphic nuclei and are hypersensitive to heat stress. BMC Cell Biol. 2005;6:27. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradisi M, McClintock D, Boguslavsky RL, et al. Dermal fibroblasts in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome with the lamin A G608G mutation have dysmorphic nuclei and are hypersensitive to heat stress. BMC Cell Biol. 2005;6:27. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capell BC, Erdos MR, Madigan JP, et al. Inhibiting farnesylation of progerin prevents the characteristic nuclear blebbing of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(36):12879-84. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506001102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capell BC, Erdos MR, Madigan JP, et al. Inhibiting farnesylation of progerin prevents the characteristic nuclear blebbing of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(36):12879-84. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506001102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mallampalli MP, Huyer G, Bendale P, et al. Inhibiting farnesylation reverses the nuclear morphology defect in a HeLa cell model for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(40):14416-21. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503712102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mallampalli MP, Huyer G, Bendale P, et al. Inhibiting farnesylation reverses the nuclear morphology defect in a HeLa cell model for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(40):14416-21. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503712102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S, Li Q, Dang CV, Lee LA. Induction of ribosomal genes and hepatocyte hypertrophy by adenovirus-mediated expression of c-Myc in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(21):11198-11202. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.200372597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S, Li Q, Dang CV, Lee LA. Induction of ribosomal genes and hepatocyte hypertrophy by adenovirus-mediated expression of c-Myc in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(21):11198-11202. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.200372597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zatloukal K, Denk H, Spurej G, Hutter H. Modulation of protein composition of nuclear lamina. Reduction of lamins B1 and B2 in livers of griseofulvin-treated mice. Lab Invest. 1992;66(5):589-597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zatloukal K, Denk H, Spurej G, Hutter H. Modulation of protein composition of nuclear lamina. Reduction of lamins B1 and B2 in livers of griseofulvin-treated mice. Lab Invest. 1992;66(5):589-597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marín MP, Tomas M, Esteban-Pretel G, et al. Chronic ethanol exposure induces alterations in the nucleocytoplasmic transport in growing astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2008;106(4):1914-1928. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05514.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marín MP, Tomas M, Esteban-Pretel G, et al. Chronic ethanol exposure induces alterations in the nucleocytoplasmic transport in growing astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2008;106(4):1914-1928. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05514.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jevtić P, Levy DL. Nuclear size scaling during Xenopus early development contributes to midblastula transition timing. Curr Biol. 2015;25(1):45-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jevtić P, Levy DL. Nuclear size scaling during Xenopus early development contributes to midblastula transition timing. Curr Biol. 2015;25(1):45-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golden A, Liu J, Cohen-Fix O. Inactivation of the C. elegans lipin homolog leads to ER disorganization and to defects in the breakdown and reassembly of the nuclear envelope. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 12):1970-1978. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.044743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golden A, Liu J, Cohen-Fix O. Inactivation of the C. elegans lipin homolog leads to ER disorganization and to defects in the breakdown and reassembly of the nuclear envelope. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 12):1970-1978. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.044743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell JL, Lorenz A, Witkin KL, et al. Yeast nuclear envelope subdomains with distinct abilities to resist membrane expansion. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(4):1768-1778. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-09-0839</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell JL, Lorenz A, Witkin KL, et al. Yeast nuclear envelope subdomains with distinct abilities to resist membrane expansion. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(4):1768-1778. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-09-0839</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edens LJ, Levy DL. cPKC regulates interphase nuclear size during Xenopus development. J Cell Biol. 2014;206(4):473-483. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edens LJ, Levy DL. cPKC regulates interphase nuclear size during Xenopus development. J Cell Biol. 2014;206(4):473-483. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Björling E, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, et al. A web-based tool for in silico biomarker discovery based on tissue-specific protein profiles in normal and cancer tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008;7(5):825-844. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M700411-MCP200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Björling E, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, et al. A web-based tool for in silico biomarker discovery based on tissue-specific protein profiles in normal and cancer tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008;7(5):825-844. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M700411-MCP200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van de Velde HJ, Senden NH, Roskams TA, et al. NSP-encoded reticulons are neuroendocrine markers of a novel category in human lung cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res. 1994;54(17):4769-4776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van de Velde HJ, Senden NH, Roskams TA, et al. NSP-encoded reticulons are neuroendocrine markers of a novel category in human lung cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res. 1994;54(17):4769-4776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senden N, Linnoila I, Timmer E, et al. Neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP)-reticulons as independent markers for non-small cell lung cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. An in vitro histochemical study. Histochem Cell Biol. 1997;108(2):155-165. DOI: 10.1007/s004180050157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senden N, Linnoila I, Timmer E, et al. Neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP)-reticulons as independent markers for non-small cell lung cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. An in vitro histochemical study. Histochem Cell Biol. 1997;108(2):155-165. DOI: 10.1007/s004180050157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hah J, Kim DH. Deciphering Nuclear Mechanobiology in Laminopathy. Cells. 2019;8(3):231. Published 2019 Mar 11. DOI: 10.3390/cells8030231</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hah J, Kim DH. Deciphering Nuclear Mechanobiology in Laminopathy. Cells. 2019;8(3):231. Published 2019 Mar 11. DOI: 10.3390/cells8030231</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bahmanyar S, Schlieker C. Lipid and protein dynamics that shape nuclear envelope identity. Mol Biol Cell. 2020;31(13):1315-1323. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E18-10-0636</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bahmanyar S, Schlieker C. Lipid and protein dynamics that shape nuclear envelope identity. Mol Biol Cell. 2020;31(13):1315-1323. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E18-10-0636</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barger SR, Penfield L, Bahmanyar S. Coupling lipid synthesis with nuclear envelope remodeling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2022;47(1):52-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barger SR, Penfield L, Bahmanyar S. Coupling lipid synthesis with nuclear envelope remodeling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2022;47(1):52-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanauska A, Köhler A. The Inner Nuclear Membrane Is a Metabolically Active Territory that Generates Nuclear Lipid Droplets. Cell. 2018;174(3):700-715.e18. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanauska A, Köhler A. The Inner Nuclear Membrane Is a Metabolically Active Territory that Generates Nuclear Lipid Droplets. Cell. 2018;174(3):700-715.e18. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kume K, Cantwell H, Neumann FR, et al. A systematic genomic screen implicates nucleocytoplasmic transport and membrane growth in nuclear size control. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(5):e1006767. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006767</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kume K, Cantwell H, Neumann FR, et al. A systematic genomic screen implicates nucleocytoplasmic transport and membrane growth in nuclear size control. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(5):e1006767. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006767</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ganguly A, Bhattacharjee C, Bhave M, et al. Perturbation of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport affects size of nucleus and nucleolus in human cells. FEBS Lett. 2016;590(5):631-643. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganguly A, Bhattacharjee C, Bhave M, et al. Perturbation of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport affects size of nucleus and nucleolus in human cells. FEBS Lett. 2016;590(5):631-643. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Irianto J, Swift J, Martins RP, et al. Osmotic challenge drives rapid and reversible chromatin condensation in chondrocytes. Biophys J. 2013;104(4):759-769. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irianto J, Swift J, Martins RP, et al. Osmotic challenge drives rapid and reversible chromatin condensation in chondrocytes. Biophys J. 2013;104(4):759-769. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guilak F, Tedrow JR, Burgkart R. Viscoelastic properties of the cell nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;269(3):781-786. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2360</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guilak F, Tedrow JR, Burgkart R. Viscoelastic properties of the cell nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;269(3):781-786. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2360</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Finan JD, Guilak F. The effects of osmotic stress on the structure and function of the cell nucleus. J Cell Biochem. 2010;109(3):460-467. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22437</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finan JD, Guilak F. The effects of osmotic stress on the structure and function of the cell nucleus. J Cell Biochem. 2010;109(3):460-467. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22437</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efremov AK, Hovan L, Yan J. Size of the cell nucleus and its effect on the chromatin structure in living cells. bioRxiv. 2021;2021.07.27.453925</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efremov AK, Hovan L, Yan J. Size of the cell nucleus and its effect on the chromatin structure in living cells. bioRxiv. 2021;2021.07.27.453925</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherjee RN, Chen P, Levy DL. Recent advances in understanding nuclear size and shape. Nucleus. 2016;7(2):167-186. DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1162933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherjee RN, Chen P, Levy DL. Recent advances in understanding nuclear size and shape. Nucleus. 2016;7(2):167-186. DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1162933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl KN, Kahn SM, Wilson KL, Discher DE. The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 20):4779-4786. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01357</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl KN, Kahn SM, Wilson KL, Discher DE. The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 20):4779-4786. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01357</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Finan JD, Chalut KJ, Wax A, Guilak F. Nonlinear osmotic properties of the cell nucleus. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(3):477-491. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9618-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finan JD, Chalut KJ, Wax A, Guilak F. Nonlinear osmotic properties of the cell nucleus. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(3):477-491. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9618-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newport JW, Wilson KL, Dunphy WG. A lamin-independent pathway for nuclear envelope assembly. J Cell Biol. 1990;111(6 Pt 1):2247-2259. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2247</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newport JW, Wilson KL, Dunphy WG. A lamin-independent pathway for nuclear envelope assembly. J Cell Biol. 1990;111(6 Pt 1):2247-2259. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2247</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang L, Guan T, Gerace L. Lamin-binding fragment of LAP2 inhibits increase in nuclear volume during the cell cycle and progression into S phase. J Cell Biol. 1997;139(5):1077-1087. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.5.1077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang L, Guan T, Gerace L. Lamin-binding fragment of LAP2 inhibits increase in nuclear volume during the cell cycle and progression into S phase. J Cell Biol. 1997;139(5):1077-1087. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.5.1077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meng H, Andresen K, van Noort J. Quantitative analysis of single-molecule force spectroscopy on folded chromatin fibers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):3578-3590. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meng H, Andresen K, van Noort J. Quantitative analysis of single-molecule force spectroscopy on folded chromatin fibers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):3578-3590. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thiam HR, Wong SL, Qiu R, et al. NETosis proceeds by cytoskeleton and endomembrane disassembly and PAD4-mediated chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope rupture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(13):7326-7337. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909546117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thiam HR, Wong SL, Qiu R, et al. NETosis proceeds by cytoskeleton and endomembrane disassembly and PAD4-mediated chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope rupture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(13):7326-7337. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909546117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scaffidi P, Misteli T. Lamin A-dependent nuclear defects in human aging. Science. 2006;312(5776):1059-1063. DOI: 10.1126/science.1127168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scaffidi P, Misteli T. Lamin A-dependent nuclear defects in human aging. Science. 2006;312(5776):1059-1063. DOI: 10.1126/science.1127168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singla A, Griggs NW, Kwan R, et al. Lamin aggregation is an early sensor of porphyria-induced liver injury. J Cell Sci. 2013;126(Pt 14):3105-3112. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123026/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singla A, Griggs NW, Kwan R, et al. Lamin aggregation is an early sensor of porphyria-induced liver injury. J Cell Sci. 2013;126(Pt 14):3105-3112. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123026/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tashiro K, Satoh A, Utsumi T, et al. Absence of Nogo-B (reticulon 4B) facilitates hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and diminishes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:786–95</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tashiro K, Satoh A, Utsumi T, et al. Absence of Nogo-B (reticulon 4B) facilitates hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and diminishes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:786–95</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujihira H, Masahara-Negishi Y, Akimoto Y, et al. Liver-specific deletion of Ngly1 causes abnormal nuclear morphology and lipid metabolism under food stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866(3):165588. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165588)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujihira H, Masahara-Negishi Y, Akimoto Y, et al. Liver-specific deletion of Ngly1 causes abnormal nuclear morphology and lipid metabolism under food stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866(3):165588. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165588)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guixé-Muntet S, Ortega-Ribera M, Wang C, et al. Nuclear deformation mediates liver cell mechanosensing in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(5):100145. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100145</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guixé-Muntet S, Ortega-Ribera M, Wang C, et al. Nuclear deformation mediates liver cell mechanosensing in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(5):100145. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100145</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
