<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">morpho</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морфологические ведомости</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological newsletter</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-3171</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8741</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Private Medical University REAVIZ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/mv-mn.2023.31(2).788</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">morpho-788</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МОДУЛЬНОСТЬ ПАЛЬЦЕВ КАК ИСТОЧНИК МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ВАРИАЦИЙ ФОРМЫ КИСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОЛА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE MODULARITY OF THE FINGERS AS A SOURCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF THE HUMAN HAND'S SHAPE DEPENDING ON SEX</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-7911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермоленко</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolenko</surname><given-names>Aleksandr S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач травматолог-ортопед Ульяновского областного клинического центра специализированных видов медицинской помощи имени Е.М. Чучкалова, Ульяновск; соискатель кафедры морфологии и патологии Университета РЕАВИЗ, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Traumatologist-Orthopedist of the Chuchkalov Ulyanovsk Regional Clinical Center for Special Kinds of Medical Care, Ulyanovsk; Applicant of the Department of Morphology and Pathology of the Private University REAVIZ, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osteon@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ульяновский областной клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи имени Е.М. Чучкалова, Ульяновск; Университет РЕАВИЗ, Санкт-Петербург</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chuchkalov Ulyanovsk Regional Clinical Center of Special Kinds of Medical Care, Ulyanovsk; Private University REAVIZ, Saint-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ермоленко А.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ермоленко А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ermolenko A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/788">https://www.morpholetter.com/jour/article/view/788</self-uri><abstract><p>Согласно последним достижениям морфологии животных и палеоморфологии явления модульности и интеграции являются достаточно тесно взаимосвязанными, при этом морфологическая интеграция описывает в какой степени различные структурные признаки связаны друг с другом в процессе морфогенеза, модульность же отражает темпы эволюционной трансформации, обуславливающую степень этой сопряженности. Одним из классических объектов изучения модульности и интеграции в морфологии стали регулярно сегментированные структуры скелета, в частности кисти. У человека кисть характеризуется главным образом соотношением длин указательного и безымянного пальцев, в то время как их положение и определяющее структуру кисти в целом значение в пространстве ее формы в настоящее время не изучено. В данной работе определено влияние модулей пальцев на форму кисти в рамках их морфологической интеграции, что стало основной целью исследования. Использован метод геометрической морфометрии цифровых изображений рентгенограмм правых кистей 100 человек, на которых определены координаты 16 ориентиров фаланг II-V пальцев с последующим исследованием формы, ковариации и модульности. Результаты показали, что изменения формы кисти обусловлены положением II-V пальцев в пространстве, при ульнарном типе кисти (2d&lt;4d) наблюдается смещение II-III пальцев в пространстве в дистальном направлении и IV-V пальцев в проксимальном направлении, при радиальном типе кисти (2d&gt;4d) наблюдаются обратные трансформации в пространстве. Положение II пальца в пространстве в большей степени влияет на форму кисти в целом. Анализ модульности пальцев указывает на значительную их интеграцию между собой, по сравнению с интеграцией других модулей кисти. Выявленные в результате исследования высокие значения ковариаций при попарном сравнении модулей пальцев и более низкие значения ковариаций при множественном сравнении между модулями кисти свидетельствуют о различной степени локального влияния морфогенетических факторов на структурные признаки и форму кисти у лиц разного пола.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the latest achievements in animal morphology and paleo-morphology, the phenomena of modularity and integration are quite closely interconnected, while morphological integration describes the extent to which various structural features are related to each other in the process of morphogenesis, while modularity reflects the rate of evolutionary transformation, which determines the degree of this conjugation. One of the classical objects of study of modularity and integration in morphology is regularly segmented skeletal structures, in particular, the hand. In humans, the hand is characterized mainly by the ratio of the lengths of the index and ring fingers, while their position and the value that determines the structure of the hand as a whole in the space of its shape has not yet been studied. In this paper, the influence of the modules of the fingers on the shape of the hand in the framework of their morphological integration was determined, which became the main goal of the study. The method of geometric morphometry of digital images of radiographs of the right hands of 100 people was used, on which the coordinates of 16 landmarks of the phalanges of the II-V fingers were determined, followed by a study of the shape, covariance and modularity. The results showed that changes in the shape of the hand are due to the position of the II-V fingers in space, with the ulnar type of the hand (2d&lt;4d) there is a displacement of the II-III fingers in space in the distal direction and IV-V fingers in the proximal direction, with the radial type of the hand (2d&gt;4d) reverse transformations in space are observed. The position of the second finger in space largely affects the shape of the hand as a whole. An analysis of the modularity of the fingers indicates a significant integration between them, compared with the integration of other modules of the hand. The high values of covariance revealed as a result of the study in pairwise comparison of the modules of the fingers and lower values of covariance in the multiple comparison between the modules of the hand indicate a different degree of local influence of morphogenetic factors on the structural features and shape of the hand in people of different sexes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пальцы кисти</kwd><kwd>форма кисти</kwd><kwd>геометрическая морфометрия</kwd><kwd>морфологическая интеграция</kwd><kwd>модульность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hand’s fingers</kwd><kwd>hand’s shape</kwd><kwd>geometric morphometry</kwd><kwd>morphological integration</kwd><kwd>modularity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingenberg CP, Marugán-Lobón J. Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst Biol. 2013;62(4):591-610. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingenberg CP, Marugán-Lobón J. Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst Biol. 2013;62(4):591-610. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olson EC, Miller RL. Morphological integration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.- 376 pp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson EC, Miller RL. Morphological integration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.- 376 pp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams DC, Felice RN. Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94335. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams DC, Felice RN. Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94335. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esteve-Altava B. Challenges in identifying and interpreting organizational modules in morphology. J Morphol. 2017;278(7):960-974. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20690</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esteve-Altava B. Challenges in identifying and interpreting organizational modules in morphology. J Morphol. 2017;278(7):960-974. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20690</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelditch ML, Goswami A. What does modularity mean? Evol Dev. 2021;23(5):377-403. DOI: 10.1111/ede.12390</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelditch ML, Goswami A. What does modularity mean? Evol Dev. 2021;23(5):377-403. DOI: 10.1111/ede.12390</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claverie T, Patek SN. Modularity and rates of evolutionary change in a power-amplified prey capture system. Evolution. 2013;67(11):3191-207. DOI: 10.1111/evo.12185</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Claverie T, Patek SN. Modularity and rates of evolutionary change in a power-amplified prey capture sys-tem. Evolution. 2013;67(11):3191-207. DOI: 10.1111/evo.12185</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingenberg CP. Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1649):20130249. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingenberg CP. Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1649):20130249. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glimm T, Bhat R, Newman SA. Multiscale modeling of vertebrate limb development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2020;12(4):e1485. DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1485</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glimm T, Bhat R, Newman SA. Multiscale modeling of vertebrate limb development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2020;12(4):e1485. DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1485</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woltering JM, Meyer A. The phantoms of a high-seven - or - why do our thumbs stick out? Front Zool. 2015;12:23. DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0117-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woltering JM, Meyer A. The phantoms of a high-seven - or - why do our thumbs stick out? Front Zool. 2015;12:23. DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0117-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chavez TJ, Morrell NT. The Evolution of the Human Hand From an Anthropologic Perspective. J Hand Surg Am. 2022;47(2):181-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.07.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chavez TJ, Morrell NT. The Evolution of the Human Hand From an Anthropologic Perspective. J Hand Surg Am. 2022;47(2):181-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.07.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molnar J, Esteve-Altava B, Rolian C, Diogo R. Comparison of musculoskeletal networks of the primate forelimb. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10520. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09566-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molnar J, Esteve-Altava B, Rolian C, Diogo R. Comparison of musculoskeletal networks of the primate forelimb. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10520. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09566-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rothier PS, Simon MN, Marroig G et al. Development and function explain the modular evolution of phalanges in gecko lizards. Proc Biol Sci. 2022;289(1966):20212300. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rothier PS, Simon MN, Marroig G et al. Development and function explain the modular evolution of phalanges in gecko lizards. Proc Biol Sci. 2022;289(1966):20212300. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khayrullin RM. Effektivnost' indeksov fluktuiruyushchey asimmetrii dlya otsenki morfologicheskikh priznakov cheloveka. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 2002;1-2:52-54 In Russain</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khayrullin RM. Effektivnost' indeksov fluktuiruyushchey asimmetrii dlya otsenki morfologicheskikh priznakov cheloveka. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 2002;1-2:52-54 In Russain</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGrew WC, Schiefenhövel W, Marchant LF. Introduction to the evolution of human handedness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1288:252. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGrew WC, Schiefenhövel W, Marchant LF. Introduction to the evolution of human handedness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1288:252. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putz RV, Tuppek A. Evolution der Hand [Evolution of the hand]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1999;31(6):357-361. DOI: 10.1055/s-1999-13552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putz RV, Tuppek A. Evolution der Hand [Evolution of the hand]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1999;31(6):357-361. DOI: 10.1055/s-1999-13552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel BA, Maiolino SA. Morphological Diversity in the Digital Rays of Primate Hands. In book: The Evolution of the Primate Hand. Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence. Ed. by T. Kivell, P. Lemelin, B. Richmond, D. Schmitt. New York: Springer, 2016.- P. 55-100. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel BA, Maiolino SA. Morphological Diversity in the Digital Rays of Primate Hands. In book: The Evolution of the Primate Hand. Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence. Ed. by T. Kivell, P. Lemelin, B. Richmond, D. Schmitt. New York: Springer, 2016.- P. 55-100. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preuschoft H, Chivers DJ. Hands of Primates. Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1993.- 430 pp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preuschoft H, Chivers DJ. Hands of Primates. Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1993.- 430 pp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panchal-Kildare S, Malone K. Skeletal anatomy of the hand. Hand Clin. 2013;29(4):459-471. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2013.08.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panchal-Kildare S, Malone K. Skeletal anatomy of the hand. Hand Clin. 2013;29(4):459-471. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2013.08.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Napier JR, Napier PH. A handbook of living primates. London: Academic Press, 1967.- 456 pp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Napier JR, Napier PH. A handbook of living primates. London: Academic Press, 1967.- 456 pp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manning JT, Fink B. Digit Ratio. In book: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Ed. by T.K. Shackelford, V.A. Weekes-Shackelford. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.- P. 4300-4302. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3829</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manning JT, Fink B. Digit Ratio. In book: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Ed. by T.K. Shackelford, V.A. Weekes-Shackelford. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.- P. 4300-4302. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3829</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khaĭrullin R. Segmental 2:4 digit ratio. Unilateral, bilateral and hand-type differences in men. Homo. 2011;62(6):478-486. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2011.09.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaĭrullin R. Segmental 2:4 digit ratio. Unilateral, bilateral and hand-type differences in men. Homo. 2011;62(6):478-486. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2011.09.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khayrullin RM, Fomina AV, Aynullova NK. Variabel'nost' znacheniy 2d:4d pal'tsevogo indeksa u dikikh i laboratornykh zhivotnykh. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya. 2013;6-3:611-618. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khayrullin RM, Fomina AV, Aynullova NK. Variabel'nost' znacheniy 2d:4d pal'tsevogo indeksa u dikikh i laboratornykh zhivotnykh. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya. 2013;6-3:611-618. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khayrullin RM, Filippova EN, Butov AA. i dr. Lineynye zavisimosti znacheniy pal'tsevogo (2d:4d) indeksa u lits muzhskogo pola. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 23: Antropologiya. 2011;2:16-24. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khayrullin RM, Filippova EN, Butov AA. i dr. Lineynye zavisimosti znacheniy pal'tsevogo (2d:4d) in-deksa u lits muzhskogo pola. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 23: Antropologiya. 2011;2:16-24. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khayrullin RM. Morfologicheskie tipy kisti v yunosheskom periode individual'nogo razvitiya. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 200 1;1-2:103-105. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khayrullin RM. Morfologicheskie tipy kisti v yunosheskom periode individual'nogo razvitiya. Morfolo-gicheskie vedomosti. 200 1;1-2:103-105. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson J, Zhang W, Liu JJ, Muir KR, Maciewicz RA, Doherty M. Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults. J Anat. 2008;212(1):42-48. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00830.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson J, Zhang W, Liu JJ, Muir KR, Maciewicz RA, Doherty M. Radiographic assessment of the in-dex to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults. J Anat. 2008;212(1):42-48. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00830.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sineva IM, Baholdina VYu. Osteologicheskie dannye k probleme antropologicheskogo izucheniya kisti cheloveka. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 23. Antropologia. 2012(2):4-16. URL: http://bulletin.antropos.msu.ru/files/ver%202012%2002%20page%20%20004_016.pdf In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sineva IM, Baholdina VYu. Osteologicheskie dannye k probleme antropologicheskogo izucheniya kisti cheloveka. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 23. Antropologia. 2012(2):4-16. URL: http://bulletin.antropos.msu.ru/files/ver%202012%2002%20page%20%20004_016.pdf In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Filippova EN, Khayrullin RM. Individual'naya izmenchivost' morfometricheskikh parametrov pal'tsevykh dermatoglifov kisti. Morfologiya. 2001;120(4):87-88. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippova EN, Khayrullin RM. Individual'naya izmenchivost' morfometricheskikh parametrov pal'tsevykh dermatoglifov kisti. Morfologiya. 2001;120(4):87-88. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohlf FJ. The tps series of software. Hystrix, It J Mamm. 2015;26:9-12. DOI: 10.4404/hystrix-26.1-11264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohlf FJ. The tps series of software. Hystrix, It J Mamm. 2015;26:9-12. DOI: 10.4404/hystrix-26.1-11264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingenberg CP. MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Resour. 2011;11(2):353-357. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingenberg CP. MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Re-sour. 2011;11(2):353-357. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice DE. A field comes of age: geometric morphometrics in the 21st century. Hystrix, It J Mamm. 2013;24(1):7-14. DOI: 10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice DE. A field comes of age: geometric morphometrics in the 21st century. Hys-trix, It J Mamm. 2013;24(1):7-14. DOI: 10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitteroecker P, Gunz P. Advances in Geometric Morphometrics. Evol Biol. 2009;36:235-247. DOI: 10.1007/s11692-009-9055-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitteroecker P, Gunz P. Advances in Geometric Morphometrics. Evol Biol. 2009;36:235-247. DOI: 10.1007/s11692-009-9055-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooke SB, Terhune CE. Form, function, and geometric morphometrics. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2015;298(1):5-28. DOI: 10.1002/ar.23065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooke SB, Terhune CE. Form, function, and geometric morphometrics. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2015;298(1):5-28. DOI: 10.1002/ar.23065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bookstein FL. Combining the Tools of Geometric Morphometrics. In book: Advances in Morphometrics (NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences). Ed. by L.F Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G.J.P. Naylor, D.E. Vol. 284.- Boston: Springer, 1996.- P. 131-135. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9083-2_12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bookstein FL. Combining the Tools of Geometric Morphometrics. In book: Advances in Morphometrics (NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences). Ed. by L.F Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G.J.P. Naylor, D.E. Vol. 284.- Boston: Springer, 1996.- P. 131-135. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9083-2_12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavlinov IJa, Mikeshina NG. Principy i metody geometricheskoj morfometrii. Zh Obshch Biol. 2002;63(6):473-493. In Russian</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlinov IJa, Mikeshina NG. Principy i metody geometricheskoj morfometrii. Zh Obshch Biol. 2002;63(6):473-493. In Russian</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingenberg CP. Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics. Dev Genes Evol. 2016;226(3):113-137. DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingenberg CP. Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics. Dev Genes Evol. 2016;226(3):113-137. DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD. Geometric morphometrics for biologists: A primer. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012.- 488 pp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD. Geometric morphometrics for biologists: A primer. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012.- 488 pp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdi H, Williams LJ. Partial least squares methods: partial least squares correlation and partial least square regression. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;930:549-579. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-059-5_23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdi H, Williams LJ. Partial least squares methods: partial least squares correlation and partial least square regression. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;930:549-579. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-059-5_23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Cramon-Taubadel N. Patterns of integration and modularity in the primate skeleton: a review. J Anthropol Sci. 2022;100. DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Cramon-Taubadel N. Patterns of integration and modularity in the primate skeleton: a review. J Anthropol Sci. 2022;100. DOI: 10.4436/JASS.10012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingenberg CP. Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses. Evol Dev. 2009;11(4):405-421. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00347.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingenberg CP. Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses. Evol Dev. 2009;11(4):405-421. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00347.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitteroecker P, Bookstein F. The conceptual and statistical relationship between modularity and morphological integration. Syst Biol. 2007;56(5):818-836. DOI: 10.1080/10635150701648029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitteroecker P, Bookstein F. The conceptual and statistical relationship between modularity and morpho-logical integration. Syst Biol. 2007;56(5):818-836. DOI: 10.1080/10635150701648029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
