THE VARIABILITY OF THYROID GLAND VOLUME AT THE DATA OF ULTRASOUND ANATOMY (REVIEW)

Currently, the question of the criteria for assessing the ultrasound size of the thyroid gland remains controversial in view of the variety of recommendations. It is known that the linear dimensions and volume of the thyroid gland are subject to individual fluctuations and are closely related to the anthropometric and clinical determinant. Knowledge of the volume of the thyroid gland is necessary to assess a number of pathological processes, such as iodine deficiency goiter, thyroiditis, multinodular goiter and thyroid cancer, as well as to assess the effectiveness of therapy and to determine the indications for the least possible treatment. The purpose of the review is to present the features of ultrasound examination in assessing the volume of the thyroid gland according to the data of domestic and foreign literature. The material for the study was the metadata of domestic and foreign scientific articles published in anatomical and clinical medical journals. The issues of anatomical variability of organs and systems in representatives of various somatic types are recognized by many authors, but up to now they need a detailed description. Analysis of the descriptions of the results of studies of the thyroid volume shows a significant variation between the smallest and largest values ​​of the volume. The total volume of the thyroid gland ranges from 6,26±2,89 cm³ to 18,6±4,50 cm³. The average volume of the thyroid gland in men is in the range from 6,03±2,22 cm³ to 19,6±4,7 cm³, in women from 5,62±2,14 cm³ to 17,5±4,2 cm³. The data presented in the review indicate that the linear dimensions and volume of the gland are subject to individual fluctuations and are closely dependent on factors such as gender, age and anthropometric parameters. Most authors determined the correlation between the thyroid volume and weight-height indicators, body surface area, body mass index, somatotype. It follows from the review that different indicators correspond to each geographic zone, taking into account its characteristics. Understanding and knowledge of the variability of ultrasound morphometric volume parameters is necessary for personalized treatment tactics for patients with thyroid pathology.

1. Kuchiyeva MB. Zakonomernosti ul'trazvukovoy anatomii shchitovidnoy zhelezy zdorovykh lyudey razlichnykh somaticheskikh tipov. Meditsinskiy vestnik Yuga Rossii. 2013;1:28-32. In Russian

2. Chaplygina EV, Kuchieva MB, Reznikova GL. Zakonomernosti anatomicheskoj izmenchivosti formy shchitovidnoj zhelezy. Morfologicheskie vedomosti. 2019;27(4):41-46. In Russian. DOI: 10.20340/mv-mn.19(27).04.41-46

3. Ahidjo A, Tahir A, Tukur M. Ultrasound determination of thyroid gland volume among adult Nigerians. The Internet Journal of Radiology. 2005;2(4):2-5.

4. Kamran M, Hussan N, Ali M. Correlation of Thyroid Gland Volume with Age and Gender in a Subset of Karachi Population. Pakistan Journal of Medical Dent. 2014;3(2):26-32.

5. Yousef M, Sulieman A, Ahmed B, Abdella A & Eltom K. Local Reference Ranges of Thyroid in Sudanese Normal Subjects Using Ultrasound. Journal of Thyroid Research. 2011; Article ID: 935141. Elpub

6. Lyutaya YeD, Zmeyev SA. Raspredeleniye somatotipov i konstitutsional'nyye osobennosti razmerov shchitovidnoy zhelezy u lits 8-15 let Volgogradskogo regiona. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta. 2011;2(38):79-82. In Russian

7. Maevskij A, Sikora V, Gnennaya V, Shayuk A. Svyazi sonograficheskih parametrov shchitovidnoj zhelezy s pokazatelyami stroeniya i razmerov tela zdorovyh muzhchin i zhenshchin do 25 let. Biomedical and biosocial anthropology. 2016;1(26):57-61. In Russian

8. Mudzhikova OM, Stroyev YI, Churilov LP. Soyedinitel'naya tkan', somatotip i shchitovidnaya zheleza. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Meditsina. 2009;2:35-47. In Russian

9. Matveev GA, Kopina MN. Ul'trazvukovoe issledovnaie shchitovidnoj zhelezy kak skriningovyj metod diagnostiki ee izmenenij. Uchenye zapiski Novgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni Jaroslava Mudrogo. 2015;2:16. In Russian

10. Fateev IN. Zakonomernosti mikrohirurgicheskoj, ul'trazvukovoj i komp'yuterno-tomograficheskoj anatomii shchitovidnoj zhelezy i ih klinicheskoe znachenie: Avtoref. diss. na soisk. uch. st. d-ra med. nauk. Ufa: 2008.- 43s. In Russian

11. Dighe M, Barr R, Bojunga J et al. Thyroid ultrasound: state of the art part 1 - thyroid ultrasound reporting and diffuse thyroid diseases. Med Ultrason. 2017;19:79-93.

12. Ivanac G, Rozman B, Skreb F, Brkljacic B, Pavic L. Ultrasonographic measurement of the thyroid volume. Coll Antropol. 2004;28:287-291. In Russian

13. Kayastha P, Paudel S, Shrestha D, Ghimire R. Pradhan S. Study of thyroid volume by ultrasonography in clinically euthyroid patients. J Institute Med. 2010;32:36-43.

14. Lee D, Cho K, Sun D et al. Thyroid dimensions of Korean adults on routine neck computed tomography and its relationship to age, sex, and body size. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28(1):25–32. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-005-0042-3

15. Xu F, Sullivan K, Houston R, Zhao J, May W, Maberly G. Thyroid volumes in US and Bangladeshi schoolchildren: Comparison with European schoolchildren. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999; 140:498–504.

16. Mitkov VV. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po ultrazvukovoj diagnostike. Moskva: Vidar-M, 2019.- 756s. In Russian

17. Germano A, Schmitt W, Rio M, Rui M. Normal ultrasound anatomy and common anatomical variants of the thyroid gland plus adjacent structures — A pictorial review. Clinical Imaging. 2019;58:114-128. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.07.002

18. Langer JE. Sonography of the thyroid. Radiol Clin North Am. 2019;57:469-483.

19. Viduetsky A, Herrejon C. Sonographic evaluation of thyroid size: a review of important measurement parameters. J Diagn Med Sonog. 2019;35(3):206–210. DOI: 10.1177/8756479318824290

20. Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen L et al. The Determination of Thyroid Volume by Ultrasound and its Relationship to Body Weight, Age, and Sex in Normal Subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinoly and Metabolism. 1983;2(56):260-263. DOI: 10.1210/JCEM-56-2-260

21. Berghout A, Wiersinga W, Smits N, Touber JL. Determinants of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasonography in healthy adults in a non-iodine deficient area. Clinical Endocrinology. 1987;26(3):273-280. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2265.1987.TB00784.X

22. Gomez JM, Maravall FJ, Gomez N, Guma A, Soler J. Determinants of Thyroid Volume as Measured by Ultrasonography in Healthy Adults Randomly Selected. Clinical Endocrinology. 2000;53(5):629-634. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2265.2000.01138.X

23. Sahin E, Elboga U, Kalender E. Regional Values of Thyroid Gland Volume in Turkish Adults. Serbian Archives of Medicine. 2015;143(3-4):141-145.

24. Morna M, Tuoyire D, Jimah B et al. A community-based ultrasound determination of normal thyroid volumes in the adult population, Assin North District, Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37:251. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.251.20778.

25. Turcios S, Lence-Anta J, Santana J. Thyroid Volume and its Relation to Anthropometric Measures in a Healthy Cuban Population. European. Thyroid Journal. 2015;4(1):651-655.

26. Aydiner Ö, Karakoç AE, İhsan A, Serap T, Abdullah B. Normative data of thyroid volume ultrasonographic evaluation of 422 subjects aged 0-55 years. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7(2):98–101. DOI: 10.4274/JCRPE.1818

27. Kaloumenou I, Alevizaki M, Ladopoulos C et al. Thyroid volume and echostructure in schoolchildren living in an iodine-replete area: relation to age, pubertal stage, and body mass index. Thyroid. 2007;17:875-881. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.0327

28. Müller-Leisse C, Tröger J, Khabirpour F, Pöckler C. Schilddrüsenvolumen-Normwerte. Sonographische Messungen an 7- bis 20jährigen Schülern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1988;113(48):1872-5. In German. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1067904.

29. Zou Y, Ding G, Lou X. Factors influencing thyroid volume in Chinese children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:1138-1141.

30. Suzuki S, Midorikawa S, Fukushima T et al. Systematic determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound examination from infancy to adolescence in Japan: the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Endocrine journal. 2015;62(3):261-268.

31. Kosyanchuk NM, Chernyh AV. Rezultaty ultrazvukovogo obsledovaniya shchitovidnoj zhelezy zhitelej voronezhskoj oblasti. Nauka i obrazovanie: sovremennye trendy. 2015;1(7):29-38. In Russian

32. Udochkina LA. Strukturnye preobrazovaniya shchitovidnoj zhelezy na etapah ontogeneza v norme i pri vozdejstvii na organizm serosoderzhashchego gaza: Dissertatsiya na soiskanije uch. st. doktora medicinskikh nauk. Volgograd, 2006.- 224s. In Russian

33. Maleev JuV. Hirurgicheskaja anatomija shchitovidnoj zhelezy v svjazi s tipovymi osobennostjami shei. Avtoref. diss. na soisk. uch. st. kand. nauk. Voronezh, 1999.- S. 8-12. In Russian

34. Kuchieva MB. Zakonomernosti anatomicheskoj izmenchivosti shchitovidnoj zhelezy u lic 17-30 let razlichnyh somaticheskih tipov. Dissertatsiya na soiskanije uch. st. kandidata medicinskikh nauk. Volgograd, 2012.- 144s. In Russian

35. Ivashchenko PA, Podkolzin YaV. Anatomicheskaya variabel'nost' shchitovidnoj zhelezy u lic s razlichnymi formami shei. 73-ya Itogovaya nauchnaya konferenciya studentov Rostovskogo gosudarstvennogo medicinskogo universiteta. Sbornik materialov. Rostov: RostGMU, 2019.- S. 194-195. In Russian

36. Parshin VS. Svyaz' velichiny ob"yema shchitovidnoy zhelezy s antropometricheskimi parametrami fizicheskogo razvitiya .Vestnik RAMN. 1997;2:41–44. In Russian

37. Mel'nikova SL, Mel'nikov VV. Svyaz' razmerov shchitovidnoy zhelezy s nekotorymi antropometricheskimi kharakteristikami . Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy. 2001;8(2):97–98. In Russian

38. Muhina TS, Harchenko VV, Dolzhikov AA. Organometricheskoe issledovanie shchitovidnoj zhelezy v svyazi s polom, vozrastom i somaticheskoj patologiej. Chelovek i ego zdorovie. 2007;4:62–67. In Russian

39. Zorich DB. Korrelyacii mezhdu morfometricheskimi sonograficheskimi parametrami shchitovidnoj zhelezy i konstitucional'nymi pokazatelyami u prakticheski zdorovyh devushek Podol'ya. Vestnik Morfologii. 2010;16(4):955-961. In Russian

40. Ageenko KI, Gorbachev AL, Shubert EE. Makroanatomiya shchitovidnoj zhelezy u zhitelej g. Magadana. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya. 2011;6:18–22. In Russian

41. Zmeev SA. Somatotipologicheskie osobennosti luchevoj anatomii shchitovidnoj zhelezy u detej i podrostkov 8­15 let. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanije uch. st. kandidata medicinskikh nauk. Volgograd, 2011.- 23s. In Russian

42. Volkov AYa, Musaeva OI, Erkudov VO. Morfometricheskie osobennosti shchitovidnoj zhelezy u 17-ti letnih podrostkov s raznymi somatotipami: gendernye razlichiya i vzaimosvyaz' s razmerami tela. Materialy XXIII sezda Fiziologicheskogo obshchestva im. I. P. Pavlova s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem. Voronezh: Izdatelstvo «Istoki», 2017.- S. 2253-2255. In Russian

43. Dorokhov RN i Petrukhin VG. Metodika somatotipirovaniya detey i podrostkov. V kn.: Mediko-pedagogicheskiye aspekty podgotovki yunykh sportsmenov. Smolensk: Izd-vo Smolensk. in-ta fizich. kul'tury, 1989.- S. 4–14. In Russian

44. Mel'nik VA, Salivon II. Metodika opredeleniya tipov teloslozheniya detskogo naseleniya po kompleksu antropometricheskikh pokazateley: Uchebnometodicheskoye posobiye. Gomel': Gomel'skiy gosudarstvennyy meditsinskiy universitet, 2013.– 36s. In Russian

45. Heath BH, Carter JE. A modified somatotype method. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1967;27:57–74.