THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE LAYER V OF POSTERIOR ASSOCIATIVE CORTEX IN THE HUMAN BRAIN POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS

The posterior associative area (regio associative posterior - RAP) of the neocortex is included in the most complex functional systems of the brain and is involved in the implementation of inter-analyzer synthesis of information, perception, attention, memory and cognitive activity. To a large extent, the functions of RAP are determined by the microstructure of layer V, which provides a variety of connections within neural networks. Thanks to intravital methods of studying the human brain, ideas about the functional characteristics, but not about the structural transformations of various RAP zones in the process of postnatal development, are developing. The purpose of the study was age-related structural transformations of the internal pyramidal plate as part of zones of the posterior association area of the cerebral cortex that differ in structure, function and topography in children from birth to 12 years. The object of the study was the posterior associative area (fields 37 and 19) of the cortex of the left cerebral hemispheres of 73 boys aged from birth to 12 years who died from injuries without brain damage. On paraffin sections stained with cresyl violet according to Nissl, age-related changes in the thickness of layer V and the area of the profile fields of pyramidal neurons in its composition were studied at annual intervals. Image Tools technology (USA) was used to visualize the preparations, and the ImageExpert™ Gauge program (Russia) was used for morphometry. Mathematical data processing included ANOVA and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Significant age-related changes in the microstructure of layer V RAP were observed during the first three years of children’s lives, as well as at the ages of 6 to 8 years. They occurred heterochronically, heterodynamically and differed in specific quantitative indicators in field 37 of the temporal region and field 19 of the occipital region of the cortex as part of the RAP. Local specificity of formative processes with their general uniform orientation was observed in subfields 37ac, 37a and 37d, in which microstructural parameters had varying degrees of interconnection during the development process, and also differed in terms, rates and intensity of observed changes.

1. Kumar A, Wroten M. Agnosia. 2023 Jan 30. In: Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2023. E-pub. PMID: 29630208. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630208/

2. Barton JJ. Higher cortical visual deficits. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 20 (4 Neuro-ophthalmology). 2014:922–941. DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000453311.29519.67

3. Brodmann K. Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Based on Cytoarchitectonics by Dr. K. Brodmann. New York-London: Springer Science, 2006.- 295pp

4. Eifuku S. Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo [Brodmann Areas 27, 28, 36 and 37: The Parahippocampal and the Fusiform Gyri]. Brain and nerve. 2017;69(4):439–451. DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416200762.

5. Atlas tsitoarkhitektoniki kory bol'shogo mozga chelovek. Pod red. Sarkisova S.A., Filimonova I.N, Kononovoj E.P., Preobrazhenskoj N.S., Kukueva L.A. Moskva: Medgiz, 1955.- 278s. In Russian

6. Taylor J, Xu Y. Representation of color, form, and their conjunction across the human ventral visual pathway. NeuroImage. 2022;251(118941):19. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118941

7. Dadario NB, Tanglay O, Stafford JF, et al. Topology of the lateral visual system: The fundus of the superior temporal sulcus and parietal area H connect nonvisual cerebrum to the lateral occipital lobe. Brain and behavior. 2023;13(4):e2945. DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2945

8. Barnikol UB, Amunts K, Dammers J, et al Pattern reversal visual evoked responses of V1/V2 and V5/MT as revealed by MEG combined with probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. NeuroImage. 2006;31(1):86–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.045

9. Prasad JA, Carroll BJ, Sherman SM. Layer 5 Corticofugal Projections from Diverse Cortical Areas: Variations on a Pattern of Thalamic and Extrathalamic Targets. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2020;40(30):5785–5796. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0529-20.2020

10. van Kemenade BM, Seymour K, Wacker E, Spitzer B, Blankenburg F, Sterzer P. Tactile and visual motion direction processing in hMT+/V5. NeuroImage. 2014;84:420–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.004

11. Riecanský I. Extrastriate area V5 (MT) and its role in the processing of visual motion. Ceskoslovenska fysiologie. 2004;53(1):17–22. PMID: 15702885. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15702885/

12. Grill-Spector K, Weiner KS, Kay K, Gomez J. The Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Face Perception. Annual review of vision science. 2017;3:167–196. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061214

13. Barton JJS. Face processing in the temporal lobe. Handbook Clin Neurol. 2022;187:191-210. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00019-5

14. Liu Ml, Liang Fr, Zeng F, et al. Cortical-limbic regions modulate depression and anxiety factors in functional dyspepsia: a PET-CT study. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:35–40. DOI: 10.1007/s12149-011-0537-4

15. Nakhla N, Korkian Y, Krause MR, Pack CC. Neural Selectivity for Visual Motion in Macaque Area V3A. eNeuro. 2021;8(1):ENEURO.0383-20.2020. DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0383-20.2020

16. Schneider C, Rasband W, Eliceiri K. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:671–675. DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2089

17. Lemeshko BJu. Neparametricheskie kriterii soglasiya. Moskva: INFRA-M, 2014.- 163s. In Russian

18. Potapova IG, Katinas GS, Stefanov SB. Otsenka i sravnenie srednikh velichin s uchyotom variabel'nosti pervichnykh izmeryaemykh ob’’ektov i individual'noy izmenchivosti. Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i embriologii. 1983;85(9):86-92. In Russian

19. Glants S. Mediko-biologicheskaya statistika. Per. s angl. Moskva: Praktika, 1998.- 459s. In Russian

20. Omar S, Tsekhmistrenko TA, Kozlov VI, i dr. Mikrostrukturnye izmeneniya zadney assotsiativnoy kory bol'shogo mozga u detey v techenie pervogo goda zhizni. Zhurnal anatomii i gistopatologii. 2022;11(3):39-48. In Rudssian. DOI: 10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-3-39-48

21. de Jong AP, Schmitz SK, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Dendritic position is a major determinant of presynaptic strength. The Journal of cell biology. 2012;197(2):327–337. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112135

22. Kwan WC, Chang CK, Yu HH, et al. Visual Cortical Area MT Is Required for Development of the Dorsal Stream and Associated Visuomotor Behaviors. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2021;41(39):8197–8209. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0824-21.2021

23. Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. Language and visual perception associations: meta-analytic connectivity modeling of Brodmann area 37. Behavioural neurology. 2015;565871(14). DOI: 10.1155/2015/565871

24. Bullock D, Takemura H, Caiafa CF, et al. Associative white matter connecting the dorsal and ventral posterior human cortex. Brain structure & function. 2019;224(8):2631–2660. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01907-8

25. Gurtubay-Antolin A, Battal C, Maffei C, et al. Direct Structural Connections between Auditory and Visual Motion-Selective Regions in Humans. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2021;41(11):2393–2405. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1552-20.2021

26. Brovelli A, Badier JM, Bonini F, et al. Dynamic Reconfiguration of Visuomotor-Related Functional Connectivity Networks. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2017;37(4):839–853. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1672-16.2016