МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИКРООКРУЖЕНИЯ РАКА МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Рак молочной железы представляет собой гетерогенное злокачественное заболевание с широким разнообразием морфологии, молекулярных характеристик и клинической картины. Микроокружение опухоли играет важную роль в формировании поведенческого фенотипа опухоли и ее ответе на лечение, что делает его оценку критически важным в выборе терапевтической тактики. Однако практические аспекты использования данных о микроокружении рака молочной железы недостаточно исследованы. Цель исследования – систематизация морфологических и функциональных характеристик основных клеточных типов в опухолевом микроокружении рака молочной железы и анализ возможности практического использования этих данных. Материалом послужили базы научных данных, информационных и библиотечных ресурсов по соответствующим ключевым словам, в анализ взята литература с 2018 по 2023 годы. Показано, что компоненты опухолевой стромы, как клеточный компонент, так и внеклеточный матрикс, играют особую роль в канцерогенезе, причем эта роль не всегда однозначна. Анализ клеточного полиморфизма и типов опухолевого микроокружения не должен ограничивается только исследовательским интересом, но должен быть также неотъемлемой частью гистопатологической характеристики конкретного клинического случая для возможности его дальнейшего практического применения. Опухолевое микроокружение является не просто стромой, питающей опухолевую ткань, но и активным участником канцерогенеза. В состав опухолевого микроокружения рака молочной железы входят клеточный и внеклеточный компоненты, каждый из которых имеет свои функциональные и морфологические подтипы. Клетки опухолевого микроокружения обладают функциональным полиморфизмом, что создает трудности на пути к получению полноценного представления о канцерогенезе и взаимовлиянии в системе «опухолевая клетка – микроокружение». Анализ компонентов опухолевого микроокружения, выяснение его роли и сложных механизмов клеточного взаимодействия микроокружения c опухолевой тканью, в том числе с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта, могут существенно продвинуть знания о механизмах развития рака молочной железы для разработки эффективных технологий его предупреждения и лечения.

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