ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE AND THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE THYROID GLAND ACCORDING TO DATA OF THE AUTOPSY

By the looking at data from literature frequency of postoperative complications at surgical treatment thyroid diseases remains high. The aim of our study was to explore anatomical features of thyroid and parathyroid, position of recurrent laryngeal nerve and cervical part of lymphatic duct for decrease risk of their intraoperative damage in surgical treatment of thyroid. Study was done on 213 autopsy. In the injury evaluated size and quantity of retro-thyroid processes and Zuckerkandl tubercles; quantity, shape, size and location of parathyroid; position of recurrent laryngeal nerve and its relationship by trachea-esophagus fissure; relationship of cervical part of thoracic lymphatic duct and variants of its venous channel. In study of neck organ’s complex we determinate that in 48% of cases on posterior surface of thyroid lateral lobes there are different sizes retro-thyroid processes which more seen in upper third level of lateral lobes. There are 2 to 6 parathyroid in 89,3% of cases. There are 5 to 6 parathyroid in 26 % and 25,1%. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lie in the tracheal - esophageal fissure in 121 cases of observation (56,8%) right and in 138 cases of observation (64,8%) left. Extremely to trachea nerve was right in 72 cases (33,8%) and left in 64 cases ( 30,0%). In 18 cases (8,5%) right and 9 cases (4,2%) left nerve was anteriorly to trachea . Topography of cervical part of thoracic duct is variable. It's important for surgeon particularly if operation on thyroid in difficult location. We determinate that in majority of cases on posterior surface of thyroid lateral lobes there are retro-thyroid processes. Better way to search parathyroid in lower part of posterior surface of thyroid lateral lobes. They can be deformed or growth near the lobe in aggressive thyroid tumors. For recurrent laryngeal nerve location better to use of the tracheal - esophageal fissures, and lower edge of the cricoid cartilage. In difficult location of thyroid gland we need to consider variable anatomy of the ductus thoracicus.

thyroid gland, anatomy, topography, retro-thyroid processes, parathyroid glands

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