The aim of the study was to research gender peculiarities of citoarchitecture of prefrontal cortex of men’s and women’s brains. Research were carried out on 4 male brains and 5 female brains in age from 19 to 33 yers. By microscopic and morphometric methods there have been investigated peculiarities of the structural organization and the neuro-glial relationships of area 10 of prefrontal cortex. We found larger sire of pyramidal neurons in layer III of cortical area 10 of men’s brains in comparison with female brain. There is more big percentage of large and medium neurons in layer III of cortical area 10 of men’s brains than in comparison of female brains. It was established right-hemisphere asymmetry of many cytoarchitectonical sygns of men brains. In female brains is was shown larger thickness of layer III, larger density of glia cells neurons, surrounded glia. In women’s brains it is established left-asymmetry of many cytoarchitectonical sings.

By using methods of immunocytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy we studied the effect of mexidol on the production of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in cardiac myocytes in post-reperfusion period in rats. We found different reactions of peptides to the injection of the drug. Synthesis and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide increased after 60 min while the production of brain natriuretic peptide increased after 60 days post-reperfusion period.

In the presented article performed description and quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance tomograms of liver is normal, obtained by magnetic resonance imaging in 329 persons (163 women and 166 men) aged from 28 to 75 years living in, Orenburg. Obtained in the result of the study co-quantitative characteristic of liver according to magnetic resonance imaging reveals some regularities lifetime anatomy and topography age aspect, and depending on gender. The data obtained are of practical importance for clinical diagnosis and surgery. The results of the studies testify to the fact that the instrumental diagnostic method magnetic resonance imaging is also a highly effective method of a lifetime anatomical studies of liver.

The aim of the research is to prove the influence of chronic ischemia on the formation of morphofunctional changes in temporomandibular joints (TMJ) in dogs. Material and methods. Operative compression of both common carotid arteries (50% of the starting diameter) was performed in outbred dogs (n=9). The observation time was 15, 45, 90 days. The autopsy material was examined at the light optical and submicroscopic levels. Results. The ischemia caused by the common carotid arteries compression initiated some marked morphofunctional changes in all TMJ elements. These changes are likely to account for various clinical neurosomatic symptoms observable in the presence of TMJ dysfunctions.

The object of the study were 616 girls and women aged 16-29 years who are domiciled in Penza and Penza region. Of those in group A included women born in 1988-1990, surveyed in 2006-2008, in group B - girls born in 1991-1995, surveyed in 2009-2012. Groups C and D accounted surveyed from 2013 to 2015 and 1996-1997 girls born in 1997-1998, respectively. The average age in the youth group was 19.3±0.06 years in general. Group D accounted for 107 of the first mature age women (24-29 years), 1986-1990 birth. Research results from 2008 and 2015 allow to define the increasing trend to ginecomorphy in first adulthood, continued asthenia and normalization of overall weight and growth relations in adolescence at slightly different longitudinal dimensions. Body mass index, as well as an index of a trophy indicates the appearance of a large number of the first mature age women with excess weight (33%), which is a risk factor for heart disease and blood vessels, accelerating the pace of aging and other diseases. Component part of the body in the female group tends to be the replacement of the active muscle to fat, which is most pronounced among women of the first mature age.

The study was performed on outbred albino rats (aged 4 months) weighing 160,0+8,0г (n=15). The animals of group 1 (n=10) had strenuous dynamic exercise (swimming) while the animals of group P (n=5) were controls. The animals of group 1 were administered 0.5 g the Megamin enterosorbent daily for 30 days/ The material (soleus musdcle and vastus laterakis muscle of the thigh, hypodermically - fatty tissue, intestine walls, greater omemtum) was examined on serial paraffin sections staned by hematoxykin and eosin according to Heidenhain and to Shabadash. The findings attest the increase in muscle bulk and decrease in adipose tissue bulk, as well as the enhanced microvasculature activity of the intestine wall and greater omentum.

Numerous and often contradictory research results specify that the mechanism of increased susceptibility to diseases in old age has no satisfactory explanation so far. Together with it in literature almost completely there are no comparative data on features of surgery and injury influence on a structure and functions of lymphoid organs at patients of different age groups. However, lymph nodes are a marker of activity of inflammatory process in the region, on their changes it is possible to estimate precisely productivity of different medical actions, to predict development of many complications, and, thus, successfully to take actions for their prophylaxis. All this is especially important and actual because of constant increase in average age, in life expectancy of human population and strengthening of surgical activity at patients of advanced and old age.

This research is devoted to a complex morphological assessment of components of cellular and humoral immunity rat spleen in response to the increase in calcium levels in the peripheral blood. The purpose of research - the study of the morphological characteristics of CD4-, CD8-, CD20-positive spleen cells of laboratory rats with experimental hypercalcemia on the background of long-term use of calcium from drinking water connection. It is proved that the experimental hypercalcemia accompanied by a redistribution of components of cellular and humoral immune response of the spleen: an increase in CD4+ cell of white pulp, CD8+ cells of red pulp by a decline in the number of CD20+ cells in all morpho-functional areas, except for the germinal centers. The revealed morphological changes in the spleen complex hypercalcemia indicates its selective nature of the impact on different parts of the immune response. There is increased activity of T-helper and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes with a compensatory decrease in indicators B-lymphocyte level that reflects a manifestation of adaptation and autoregulation of the immune response.

Acguired macroglossia develops in people with complete secondary edentulism. Congenital macroglossia is merely one of the characters of Beckwith-Wiedemann’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome, hypertelorism, hyperthyroid cretinism and others [1]. The aim of the research is to detect and assess the morphofunctional change in the tongue microvasculature of people with complete secondary edentulism. Material and methods. The tongue autopsy specimens (n=19) of people with complete secondary edentulism were studied at the light optical level. The controls were autopsy specimens (n =3) of people with complete tooth alignment. Results. Macroglossia with complete secondary edentulism is characterized by enlarged striated myocytes of the skeletal muscles and the tongue muscles proper, increased adipose tissue bulk and the lingual tonsil hypertrophy. These changes have a positive correlation with the significant blood-flom increase through the microvasculature of the enlarged tongue.

We present the dynamics of morphological and functional heart disorders in elderly patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery within 1 year of lipid lowering therapy. In patients of group 1 treated with high dose of rosuvastatin (20 mg daily) and group 2 treated with atorvastatin 40 mg daily with dose escalation and possible addition of ezetimibe 10 mg daily to achieve the target level of LDL or ≥50% of its initial level decreasing we observed the reduction of heart chambers remodeling and increasing of patients exercise tolerance. In patients of group 3 who received moderate dose of simvastatin (40 mg daily) we revealed morphological and functional heart disorders stabilization and exercise tolerance increasing.

Measurements of genital organs are significant as predictors of reproductive system damage and as risk factors associated with an increased rate of episodes of cardiovascular disorders. It is known that genitometric parameters closely linked with metabolic syndrome and obesity, hormonal imbalance in the male body and reflect the associated changes in the ratio of the basic processes of the body components. Therefore the problem of the variability of parameters of genital organs in male body is actually. Objective: to determine the regularities of the variability of testicle parameters in young age after stabilization of body growth. The study was conducted on 82 men of youthful age (20,5±1,4 years). With the use of ultrasound methods determines the length, width and volume of both testicles by the formula V=1/6·π·L·W². It was found that the volume of the left testicle was 14,3±0,61 ml, right - 16,5±1,10 ml. The average volume of testes, irrespective of the body side was 15,4±0,64 ml. The total volume of the testicles was 30,7±1,63 ml with a 95% confidence interval from 27,5 to 34 ml. All parameters are bilaterally different with high statistical significance. Dominance phenomenon in the right-side testicle sizes expressed in man not only in a higher frequency of cases, but in the large absolute values of differences. In fewer cases, the predominance of the left testicle size, these differences are 1,5-2 times less than the absolute values. The length of the testis is a sign of self-varying and bilateral differences in the length of the right and the left testicle are not correlated with theirs absolute value. The significance of the results for applied biomedical and clinical research is discussed.

In present time, information about the structure of the orbit, its relations with the bordering regions due to considerably increasing of the volume of surgical interventions is not enough. The aim of the study was to identify the individual characteristics of the infraorbital canal and foramen, the inferior orbital fissure. In most of our cases some skulls we discovered additional infraorbital foramen. In most cases additional holes were located medial to the basic hole, rare they opened laterally from it. One skull had two upper medial additional holes on each side, at the others one. In the study of skull x-ray method, the existence of variants in the formation of the canal was on 8 skulls. At two of them were indicated a doubling of the canal on both sides. Study of the inferior orbital fissure without regard to its gender differences revealed that only the longitudinal dimension of the inferior orbital fissure has wide-faced people significantly differs from its value at the narrow-faced. In all shapes of facial skull width of the inferior orbital fissure is most changeable. Significant variability of the transverse dimension of the inferior orbital fissure caused to propose its variants. In our study, 5 variants of inferior orbital fissure were proposed.

With the use of methods of light microscopy we produce comparison morphological investigation of the intra organ vascular bed of a thymus in animals and human. The article represents of analysis of morphological imaging different parts of the vascular bed in the comparative morphological a number of four classes of vertebral animals (Chordata, Tetrapoda): Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. Therefore differences in nature of blood supply of cortical and medullar substance of a thymus of vertebrata are found. It has revealed the similarities and the differences in the structure of vascular bed of thymus gland of vertebral animals which are remarkable for the organization level, biological features and for their adaptation to the habitat.

We studied the substances content in placental cells of rats with experimental paracetamol-induced liver lesion in a study using histochemical method. We revealed total proteins, glycogen, lipids, succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase expressed as optical density in conventional units on paraffin and frozen sections. The findings suggest that liver lesion in the experiment causes changing of substances content in trophoblast of labyrinth, as well as in giant and spongiotrophoblast cells of the basal zone. We revealed a reduction of the optical density of total proteins, carbohydrates and succinate dehydrogenase in the cytotrophoblast cells of the labyrinth zone. In addition, we found a decrease in the content of total lipids, glycogens and succinate dehydrogenase in spongiotrophoblast and giant cells of the basal zone.

Reaction of Iba-I positive cells in the spleen was studied on the introduction of melatonin. It was detected that oral administration of melatonin (drug «Melaxen») with water (solution 4 mg of the drug per 1 l H₂O) for 4 weeks leads to morphological changes in the spleen: increase in quantity of lymphoid nodules, more pronounced in the spleen of animals kept by artificial darkening; decrease in the quantity of cells of the macrophage series (Iba-1+). Exogenous melatonin causes an increase in the number of lymphoid nodules, reducing the levels of catecholamines and serotonin in all immunocompetent spleen cells, reducing histamine content in luminescent cells of red pulp.

It was studied age-related changes of pyramidal neurons quantity and size, quantity of microglial cells in comparison with the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes fetus on 2nd half of pregnancy and in the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis (n = 108) in field of 6 human cerebral cortex. It was established parallel between microglia density increase and pyramidal neurons quantity decrease. The dynamics of microglial cells growth and neurons profile fields area are unidirectional. Morphological changes in the frontal cortex occurred on the background increasing of antioxidant protection enzymes activity (enzyme-active ceruloplasmin, catalase). Established facts suggest that the age-related accumulation of microglia on the one side prevents excessive proliferation of neuronal precursors and on the other side, strengthens the antioxidant protection differentiated pyramidal neurons.

Little is known about the structural organization of the initial lymphatic bed its interactions with the surrounbing tissues. This is the result of the absence of the abguate method able of simultaneous and elective detection of all argyrophilic structures in whole mounts. The aim of the research is to develop a unibersal method of detecting argyrophilic structures including the nervous and the microvascular ones. Results. The universal method is on the classical impregnation methods: the intravessel Ranver-Geyer and the immersion Bielschowsky-Gros method. The developed formula and application technology of impregnating, contrasting and reducing agents make it possible to control the impregnation process and to perform and perform error-free detection of nerve and vascular lumps minute detail of their of structural organization.

E.O. Mukhin (1766-1850) - Professor of Moscow University, is one of the brightest representatives of the Moscow anatomical school of the early XIX century. From the early stages of his medical practice, E.O. Mukhin was an exponent of the anatomical directions in surgery. Professor of anatomy and physiology of the Moscow medical-surgical Academy (1809), ordinary Professor of Moscow University (1813-1835), the Dean of the medical faculty (medical sciences) of Moscow University (1816-1817, 1820-1824) - all the scientific, medical and teaching career of E.O. Mukhin is a magnificent example of noble service to the Fatherland.

The article analyzes different publications about human heart morphology in connection with its constitutional-typological characteristics. It was noted there is a large number of publications of Heart anatomy, but many authors describe only a few of the heart parameters in different constitutional types and only specific age, applying different models of somatotyping. It makes difficult to collate and compare their observational data. There is necessity of a comprehensive study of qualitative and quantitative indicators of shape, position, volume and size of the Human heart, chambers and valves parameters from different age, taking into account modern approaches constitutional diagnosis.