The question about the necessity, the possibility and the importance of the use of human corpses in the training of doctors is closely linked with the quality of the basic medical education and was repeatedly discussed at scientific meetings and at educational meetings. There is a need to review by the professional community its contents. The problem, which affects in this article, has the character of the discussion and involves a number of complex and ambiguous institutional, ethical and legal issues that directly determine the quality of training of future physicians in the modern medical university. Their spectrum lies in a wide range from of wholesale rejection of the need for cadavers in teaching of the anatomy and to their exclusive use with the extremely negative attitude to the latest digital technology, which is also clearly unacceptable, as the first one. Russian experience of using cadavers in the anatomical teaching practice and in the research has some of its own specific features that distinguish it from the practices of other countries. In the article outlines the main regulatory issues of the procedures for the obtaining, using and disposing of the cadaveric material for the anatomical teaching practices, including those not regulated by law. It is noted that the basic principles of the body and organ donation for medical training and the research should be regulated at the level of the World Health Organization or intergovernmental agreements. In developing these principles should be involved professional communities of anatomists, lawyers, doctors and the general public of all the countries concerned.

The model of rat critical size calvarial defect in rats showed that the chronic introduction of dalarginum at 100 μg/kg in order to stimulate the δ-receptors yields a smaller increase in the percentage of mineralized bone than the combination of naloxone and dalarginum at 100 μg/kg and 0, 5 mg/kg. Comparing our data with those obtained in our previous work, we suggest that dalarginum stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells.

Temporomandibular Joint disorder is primarily determined by the interarticular disk deformation and displacement. However, many issues connected with its histostructure, innervation, nutrition and mobility up to the present remain controversial or unsolved. Of vital importance for the joint normal performance is the relationship between the interarticular disk and the lateral pterygoid muscle, the accounts on the morphology and function of which are quite contradictory. The research goal is obtaining information on the histostructure of the interarticular disk in the temporomandibular joint and its relationship with the lateral ptervaoid muscle. The subjects of the research are temporomandibular joints dogs (n = 6).

Neuroinflammation can develop long before the death of neurons. We investigated the deferred effects of a lipopolysaccharide single injection in the rat substantia nigra to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms of persistent neuroinflammation. After 8 weeks, there was a large number of microglia and astrocytes with high expression of MHC II and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. The observed reaction is accompanied by the induction tumor necrosis factor-а in the walls of blood vessels and migration of lymphocytes into the brain parenchyma. These results are discussed in terms of the systemic organization of the cells network.

Ileal biopsies of 50 patients, from them 18 with Crohn's disease, 11 - with inflammatory bowel disease unclassified and 21 - with not changed mucous membrane are studied. Immunohistochemical research with antibodies to Chromogranin A and CD3 is conducted. At Crohn's disease the number of neuroendocrine cells in one villus was 0 - 28 (mean - 3±8), at inflammatory bowel disease unclassified - 3 - 31 (mean - 15±8), in not changed mucous membrane - 1 - 19 (mean - 9±5). At calculation of quantity of neuroendocrine cells on all crypt it is revealed that at Crohn's disease the minimum and maximum values of the maintenance of these cells were 4 - 24 (mean - 13±5), at inflammatory bowel disease unclassified - 0 - 26 (mean - 14±8), in not changed mucous membrane - 1 - 26 (mean - 9±5). Number CD3+intraepitelial lymphocytes in one villus with the sizes 400 μm and less at Crohn's disease was 7 - 62 (mean - 23±11), at inflammatory bowel disease unclassified - 11 - 49 (mean - 24±8), in not changed mucous membrane - 3 - 50 (mean - 18±9). At calculation of quantity the intraepitelial lymphocytes on 100 and more epithelial cells at the sizes of villus from 401 μm and more, it is revealed that at Crohn's disease the quantity of CD3⁺ cells was 28 - 63 (mean -39,5±11), at inflammatory bowel disease unclassified - 26 - 70 (mean - 46±13), in not changed mucous membrane - 22 - 40 (mean - 29±6). It is established that the average content of neuroendocrine cells and the intraepitelial lymphocytes in the ileal biopsies reliable is above at inflammatory bowel diseases in comparison with not changed mucous membrane that shows their participation in pathogenesis of this group of diseases.

Along with the socio-economic and environmental factors on body weight newborns are strongly influence climatic conditions of the inhabitancy and, in particular, the height above the sea level. Studies in which implemented the differentiated approach to assessing the impact of climatic factors on the body weight of newborns of different ethnicities are rare. The aim of the our study was to examine the body weight of newborn children of the Kyrgyzstan for the time from 2003 to 2011, depending on the height of the inhabitancy of their mothers above the sea level, with taking into account the impact of environmental, economic factors, and their ethnicity. In the study was determined the body weight of 6573 newborn children (3359 boys, 3214 girls) of the Kyrgyz ethnicity and of the Uzbek ethnicity of four different areas of Kyrgyzstan, which located at different altitudes above the sea level. For the study of social, environmental conditions and other characteristics theirs mothers were interviewed by the specially developed questionnaire. In this study were established the inverse depending body mass values from the height of the inhabitants above the sea level, which has a linear character. Ethnic features of differences of body weight were in prevalence of body weight of newborns of Kyrgyz ethnicity compared with newborns of Uzbek nationality with relatively similar socio-economic, climatic and geographical conditions of inhabitants. Given that the oxygen is the main regulatory factor of the growth and development of the fetus, is the naturally that the mountains hypoxia can lead to the placental insufficiency and impaired oxygen delivery to the fetus and increase the risk of the intrauterine growth retardation. The body weight of newborns except of the factor of the inhabitancy of the height above the sea level is influenced by socio-economic conditions. Newborns from disadvantaged areas have the smaller body mass. Our findings can be explained in concordance with the study of some authors which have shown that the majority of newborns with low weight are born in families with the low living standards.

A total amount of 612 thyroid gland tissue slides of patients underwent surgery for toxic goiter were investigated. A positive correlation between morphological changes in thyroid gland tissue and the level of its autoimmune stimulation was detected. Individual surgical strategy is required to prevent the diseases recurrence. The amount of the rest tissue does not influence on the postoperative prognosis.

The double bandaging of internal iliac arteries causes a disorder of folliculogenesis that expresses itself in quantity reduction of elementary and growing follicles and augmenting of processes of follicular atresia. The reduction of yellow bodies’ number in cross sections of rat gonads indicates the disorder of luteogenesis to all terms of the experiment ( 180 days). Affected by intake of medications with antioxidative activity Xymedone and Melatonin the augmentaton of morphologically quantitative indicants in cross sections of rat gonads with the double bandaging of internal iliac arteries is present since the 30^th day of the experiment. The study showed that Melatonin favours the better regenerative process of folliculogenesis and luteogenesis than Xymedone. Affected by intake of Melatonin the number of elementary and growing follicles and also yellow bodies after the double bandaging of internal iliac arteries closed in the indicants of the intact group of animals to the 180^th day of the experiment, whereas in contrast intake of Xymedone favoured only the augmentaton of the number of growing follicles and reducing of atresia processes but not closing in the mentioned indicants of the intact control to the 180^th day of the experiment.

Histological dye was obtained following extraction of anthocyanin pigments from ethanol extracts of chokeberries and its staining properties were studied. It was shown that the dye from chokeberries selectively stains the nuclei of the cells and basophilic structures of the cytoplasm. The novel dye provides strong staining of histological specimens and can be re-used during several weeks. Moreover, it can be applied not only for the general examination of the structure of different organs and for the morphometric analysis, but it may also replace the dyes which are routine for the staining of the nervous tissue, such as the thionin and cresyl violet. The recipes of dyes from chokeberries and staining procedures are simple and cheap and can be widely used in histological studies and, in particular, for the study of the brain and spinal cord.

Nowadays tongue is considered to be the richest source of information on human health and an indicator of general somatic pathology in the organism. Tongue is of special clinical interest within the “oral cavity - tongue - gastro-intestinal tract” system due to their close embryologic connection. The review of literature gives a state-of-the-art overview of the functional morphology and biomechanics of human tongue.

The founder of modern anatomy is Belgian (Fleming) A. Vesalius (Andreas Vesalius), who was born 31 December 1514 in Brussels (Belgium) in the family of court physician. After education at the Medical Faculty of University of Paris and skillful mastery of anatomical dissection technique A. Vesalius became a Doctor of Medicine and taught anatomy and surgery at the University of Padua. The result of hard work of the scientist was famous treatise «On the structure of the human body» (De Humani corporis fabrica), published in Basel in 1543.A. Vesalius enriched science own data obtained as a result of numerous dissections of the human body.