Surgical operations on the lungs are accompanied by certain topographic-anatomical changes in the chest. These include displacement of the mediastinum, reduction of the intercostal spaces and the rise of the dome of the diaphragm on the side of the operation. These changes are relevant in clinical anatomy and surgery. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns of topographic-anatomical changes in the diaphragm after lung operations. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of computed tomograms of 113 patients (76 lobectomy, 36 pneumonectomy) after lung operations was performed at various times after the intervention. The level of the diaphragm dome, its shape before the operation, in the early postoperative period, 3, 6, 12 months after the intervention were analyzed. It was revealed that the degree of elevation, the shape, the dynamics of changes in the dome of the diaphragm depends on the volume of the operation and the duration of the postoperative period. Changes after pneumonectomy are irreversible, after resection of the lungs, these changes are reversible. The elevation of the dome of the diaphragm leads to changes in the topography of the abdominal organs. The results of the study should be considered when performing invasive diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions on the chest and abdominal organs.

The rapid development of transplantation, endovascular and minimally invasive surgery necessitates a detailed study of the structural features of the vessels of the abdominal cavity. The purpose of the study is the characteristics of the morphometric parameters of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women at different ages and depending on the body type. The analysis of 266 computer tomograms of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches was carried out in adult men women divided into three age groups (first and second periods of mature age and elderly age), as well as into three groups according to the Pinier index (asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic body types). It was established that individual morphometric parameters of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women significantly change with age. It is proved that the diameter of the aorta at various levels significantly increases with age from the first mature to the elderly age by an average of 5 mm. However, in men, the length of the abdominal aorta, celiac trunk and main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery does not change with age. In women, the length of the celiac trunk increases with age at 5.9 mm, the length of the main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery - at 17 mm. The angle of discharge of the celiac trunk in men changes unevenly with age - in the second period of mature age, there is a statistically significant decrease by an average to 12.3°, then in old age an increase to 15°. Moreover, in women, the values of this indicator vary more evenly. The angles of discharge of other vessels did not show a clear age dependence, since this parameter is largely due to the constitutional features. The aorto-mesenteric distance changes with age only in women. In elderly age, it is on average 4.4 mm larger than in the first period of mature age. It was also found that there are significant differences between constitutional types identified using the Pinier index in the overwhelming majority of the morphometric parameters studied. The obtained information has a significant clinical importance, since it will allow objectifying the diagnostic criteria of various vascular syndromes and minimizing the risk of endovascular interventions.

The thymus is the central organ of the immunogenesis, the functioning of which determines the protective reactions of the organism. Various stressors can influence the immune organs. One of these factors is exposure to low temperatures. The aim of this research was studying the effect of experimental cold stress on the morphological and functional state of rat thymus using morphometric analysis. The cold exposure was done by placing the rats in individual cages in a refrigeration chamber at a temperature of -10 ± 20 °C for 1 hour at the same time of day for 7, 14, 21, and 30 days. Histological examination of thymus preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin; on the 7th day after exposure to cold, the area of the cortical substance is significantly reduced compared with the control group, while the area of the medulla tends to increase. Analysis of the cell composition showed an increase in the number of epithelia-reticular cells in the subcapsular zone and a slight decrease in the number of lymphocytes. On the 14th day of exposure, the areas of cortical and medulla and the cortical-cerebral index do not differ from the indicators of intact control. Morphometric counting of cellular elements showed an increase in the number of lymphocytes, epithelia-reticulocytes, and macrophages. After 21 days of the experiment, data on the relative areas of cortical and medulla shows a significant decrease in the rate compared with all the first groups. The counting of cellular elements during this period showed marked changes observed in all morphological and functional zones of the thymus. In the subcapsular zone, there is a sharp decrease in the number of dividing lymphocytes. The number of epithelia-reticular cells is increased relative to the norm. There is frequent detection of apoptotic bodies and fat cells. In the medulla, there is an increase in the number of epithelia-reticulocytes compared with the 7th and 14th day. On the 30th day after exposure, the areas of cortical, medulla, and cortical-cerebral index remained at the same level as on the 21st day. There is a significant decrease in epithelia-reticular cells in the subcapsular zone, a significant decrease in the cortical substance and the cortico-medullary zone compared with all groups, and a significant increase in their number in the medulla. Hassall’s bodies are characterized by pronounced degenerative changes in epithelia-reticulocytes with cellular debris. In the subcapsular zone, a reduced number of cells with mitosis figures is maintained. It was established that as a result of cold stress on days 7, 21 and 30, there is a redistribution of volume and cellular composition, various structural and functional zones, indicating a decrease in the functional activity of the thymus, an increase in the death of lymphocytes by apoptosis, a decrease in mitotic activity, and accumulation of macrophages. Morphological and functional data of the 14th day of the experiment indicate the development of compensatory-adaptive changes in the thymus on the cold effect, manifested in the form of activation of cell division in the cortical substance and the cortical-medullary zone.

Earlier studies of the linear characteristics of the parameters of the skull demonstrate the lack of a unified point of view on this issue. The current level of development of practical medicine requires morphometric accuracy in determining the shapes, spatial location and dimensional characteristics of the craniofacial complex parameters. The search for the most informative features using new technical and statistical methods is one of the current trends in modern craniology. The purpose of the study is to identify the variability of the morphometric linear parameters of the facial section of the skull, taking into account the craniological type. The article presents the morphometric characteristics of the linear parameters of the facial section of the skull of persons of mature age of both sexes. The work was carried out taking into account the craniological type. The presence of sexual dimorphism with prevalence of indicators on male preparations was found for the length and width parameters of the facial section of the skull only on mesocranic type skulls, for the parameters of the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull - only on mesocranic and dolichocranic type skulls. A sign of stability of indicators was established for indicators of the dents-alveolar part of the upper and lower jaw, the height of the lower jaw, the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the brachycranic type and the upper height of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the mesocranic type. Thus, the presence of sexual dimorphism with prevailing indicators on male preparations, depending on the type of skull, is proved.

In the last decade migration processes have significantly increased, which in turn determined the need for the accumulation of data on bone growth in people of different nationalities. In order to study the peculiarities of the growth of metacarpal bones (MB) in girls of Western India and Tajikistan, 309 radiographs of the right hand between the ages of 6 and 17 years were examined. On radiographs of the hand, the length and width of the diaphysis MB were measured. Using the parametric Pearson correlation coefficient - «r_p» and non-parametric Spearmen correlation coefficient - «r_s», we determined the relationship between the length and width of the MB diaphysis with age. Developed regression equations to determine the age of girls by the size of the MB. Girls in India and Tajikistan have a strong correlation between their age and MB length (rs ≥ 0,79). A comparative analysis of the correlation coefficients for the length of each MB with age allowed to establish differences between girls from Tajikistan and India. For Tajik girls the correlation between age and MB length was higher than that of their Indian peers. For Tajik girls, the greatest correlation with age was determined for the length of MB II (r_p=0,87; r_s=0,85) , then MB III and MB V, MB I, and a less close correlation was observed for MB IV (r_p=0,83; r_s=0,83). For girls in India, the closest correlation with age was determined for the length of MB III (r=0,82; r_s= 0,82), MB IV and MB V, then MB I and MB II (r_p=0,79; r_s= 0,80). The greatest correlation between the width of the diaphysis MB and age in girls of Tajikistan was determined in MB II (r_p=0,71; r_s=0,73), then MB III, MB IV, MB I and the least dependence for MB V (r_p=0,43; r_s=0,43). The closest correlation between MB diaphysis width and age in Indian girls was observed for MB II (r_p=0,64; r_s=0,65), then MB III, MB I, MB V and the lowest for MB IV (r_p=0,30; r_s=0,34). To determine the age by the size of the MB for girls of Tajikistan, the best result is obtained when calculating the parameter of the length of MB II, in the same time for Indian girls - of the length of MB II.

Physiological understanding of the processes of migration of immunocompetent cells, as well as the conditions under which migration can be activated or slowed down, is especially important for the interpretation of the reserves of stability and preservation of homeostasis. Migration of leukocytes through the endothelium of the microcirculation is regulated by adhesion molecules. The aim of the study was to study the distribution of intercellular adhesion molecules on leukocytes depending on their morphology. An examination of 50 healthy individuals aged 20 to 60 years with no history of chronic disease was carried out. Venous blood for the study was taken in the morning on «empty» stomach. On a flow cytometer FC-500 company Beckman Coulter (USA) determined the number of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes of venous blood containing molecule L-selectin (CD62L), LFA-1 (CD11a), LFA-3 (CD58), ICAM-1 (CD54), PECAM-1 (CD31), while differentiated them based on morphology. The results is shown that more than 50% of neutrophils and 42% of monocytes are ready to enter the slip phase, while the number of lymphocytes entering this phase is relatively small - 11%. In the phase of strong adhesion and transmigration more than 90% of neutrophils and monocytes were ready to enter, while the number of lymphocytes in blood did not exceed 13%. Correlation analysis showed that in the absence of antigenic stimulation the greatest readiness for the implementation of the slip phase, strong adhesion and the transmigration was observed in neutrophils with 5-segments in the nucleus and polymorphonuclear monocytes. Willingness to transmigrate lymphocytes was relatively small and concerned mainly of medium size lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes.

At May 23-26, 2019 in the Voronezh city, in the Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University was held the Eighth national Meeting of the Scientific Medical Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists of Russia. The VIII Meeting was attended by 500 people from 43 cities of the Russian Federation, as well as from 11 countries of the near and far abroad: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Germany, Georgia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Chile and others. At sessions of Meeting 185 oral reports were heard, 75 posters were considered. The organizing committee of the Meeting received over 900 theses of scientific reports, reflecting the results of morphological studies of the participants of the Meeting over the past five years. At the first plenary meeting, 6 scientific reports were presented on a number of key issues and achievements of morphological sciences. At the end of the plenary session, the SMSAHE organizational assembly took place; a general report on the activities of SMSAHE regional offices for the period from 2014 to 2019 was presented to participants and guests. At the recommendation of the SMSAHE Presidium, the participants of the VIII Meeting of SMSAHE by the open voting selected the President of SMSAHE, the Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Dimitry Nikityuk, and on his proposal, approved the Members of the Presidium and the SMSAHE Board for the next five-year period of work (2020-2024). May 24, 2019 in the auditoriums and assembly halls of the Medical University and Agrarian University successfully held sectional meetings on various topics. In the section «Experimental morphology, ecological and regenerative medicine» 27 reports were presented; in the section «Clinical, variant and age morphology» - 26 scientific reports. The section «Cell biology, cytology and histology» consisted of 23 reports. At the meeting of the section «The Morphology of the blood-forming organs, the immune and endocrine systems» 14 reports were presented. The program of the section «The Veterinary morphology» included 20 reports; 23 scientific reports were presented at the section «Functional morphology of the nervous system»; the section «Medical anthropology and sports morphology» was presented in 14 reports. On May 25, 2019, a session of the section «Actual problems of teaching morphological disciplines» was held, at which 14 reports were presented on various aspects of modern educational technologies and their implementation in the teaching of anatomy, histology and other sciences. Within the framework of the VIII Meeting of SMSAHE, a scientific symposium «Anthropo-nutriciology: Fundamental Principles and Practical Applications» was held, during which 16 reports were heard. Summing up the results of the VIII Meeting of SMSAHE, many speakers noted its unconditional success and high scientific potential. The role of this scientific forum is in shaping the new impulse to the development of morphological sciences, its importance as an international discussion platform, which provided all possibilities for exchanging views on topical issues of morphology teaching, contributing to the development and implementation of new educational technologies, the translating the achievements of morphology into the modern practical of the health care.