The aim of the work is to study changes in the profile field of pyramidal neurons in the cortex of field 7 of the brain of men and women in the aging process. A cytoarchitectonic study of the cortex of field 7 of the upper parietal region of the brain of men and women was carried out on a series of frontal paraffin sections stained by the Nissl method. The brain preparations of men and women of three age groups were studied: the groups of mature age (from 20 to 60 years), the elderly group (from 60 to 75 years) and the group of senile age (from 75 years and older). In each age group, 5 preparations of the male brain and 5 preparations of the female brain were studied. Age-related changes in the cytoarchitectonics of the profile field of pyramidal neurons in the cytoarchitectonic layers of the third and fifth cortex fields 7 of the brain of men and women were studied. As a result of the study, it was revealed that in the process of aging of the brain of men and women, changes in similar morphometric indicators of field 7 cortex occur at different age periods, the dynamics of age-related changes in functionally different cytoarchitectonic layers III and V of the cerebral cortex of men and women are also different.

In the last few decades there has been a steady growth of vessels diseases, including diseases of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches. The aim of this study was to study the topography of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women belonging to different age groups. It was analyzed 266 computer tomograms of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches of adult men and women divided into three age groups (first and second periods of mature age and old age). It was found that for men is typical the more distal location of the studied anatomical objects relatively to the vertebral column in comparison with women. It was proved that in women of the first mature age period, as well as in men, most often the beginning of the abdominal aorta is observed at the middle of the Th12 body (35.8%), in the second period of mature age - at the middle of the Th12 body (33.3%); in the elderly - at the level of the lower edge of the body of this vertebra. The level of the aorta bifurcation in men in the first period of mature age are most often located at the level of the lower edge of the L4 body, in other age groups at mid-body L4. While in women the age-related changes of the level of the bifurcation of the aorta is not significant. It was shown that in women in all age groups the outfall of the celiac trunk is localized higher than that in men. Dynamics of age changes of the position of the outfalls of the upper and a lower mesenteric artery, in men and women varies considerably. The obtained information about sex and age characteristics of the position of the abdominal aorta and its bifurcation, the outfalls of the celiac trunk, upper and lower mesenteric arteries have not only anatomical interest but also have clinical importance in surgical interventions on the organs of gastro-splenic-pancreaticoduodenal zone.

The influence of various types of extrasystole on the change in arterial hemodynamics and the morphology of changes in the wall of the mainstream arterial vessels is not well understood. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of water hammer on the hemodynamics of the main arteries in various types of extrasystoly. The study was conducted on 228 patients (122 men and 106 women) aged 43 to 76 years, the average age was 62 ± 4.3 years. For the analysis, the data apex-cardiography, daily monitoring by Holter, echocardiography, electrocardiography, sphygmography, color Doppler mapping of the vessels of the head and neck and extremities were compared. Water hammer of extrasystoles leads to mechanical damage to the endothelium of the arterial wall and serves as a trigger for inflammation and activation of the process of neolipogenesis, the formation of the atheroma. Additional hydraulic waves contribute to trauma to the vascular wall, growth and increase in area of atheromas. The described morphological changes in the vascular wall, the authors describe as «water hammer syndrome» and analyze its role and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of vascular complications at extrasystoles and reconstructive operations on arterial vessels.

In the anatomical part of the study on 50 non-embalmed and 50 polymer-embalmed anatomical preparations of the knee joint of an adult were studied the degenerative-dystrophic changes in the bone and auxiliary elements of the knee joint with deforming arthrosis of the I and III stage. The objects of the clinical part of the study were patients with degenerative-dystrophic changes in the knee joint of varying severity who underwent x-ray examination (150 people), magnetic resonance imaging (60 people), diagnostic arthroscopy (35 people). For determine the stage of gonarthrosis in patients, the classification of N.S. Kosinskaya (1961) was used. Identified in the study of anatomical preparations of the knee joint with I stage of gonarthrosis degenerative-dystrophic changes were present in all patients with a similar severity of arthrosis of the knee joint and were confirmed by the results of their additional examination. It study is shown that for the diagnosis of degenerative meniscus ruptures and degenerative changes in the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint, the most informative method is magnetic resonance imaging, and diagnostic arthroscopy does not provide an exhaustive diagnosis of these manifestations. The performed comparison of vital and post-vital morphological manifestations of I stage gonarthrosis, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of the applied diagnostic techniques convincingly indicates the need for this category of patients to perform x-ray studies and magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint. When performing magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint with III stage gonarthrosis trabecular edema of varying severity was found, localized mainly in the subchondral bone tissue of the internal condyles of the tibia and femur, and signs of avascular necrosis of the condyle of the condyle were revealed. The analysis of the intravital diagnostic methods used in patients with III stage gonarthrosis and comparing their results with the data of anatomical studies of knee joint preparations with the same stage of the degenerative-dystrophic process, indicated sufficient visualization capabilities of each from presented methods for additional examination.

The aim of the study was to study the morphological features of the inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of various parts of the stomach and duodenum in patients with chronic gastritis and duodenitis. 24 patients (18 men and 6 women) were observed with chronic gastritis and duodenitis associated with Helicobacter pylori. The average age of the patients was 47 years. 120 biopsy samples of the mucosa of different parts of the stomach and duodenum were studied using histological, histochemical, morphometric and microbiological methods. Histological and microbiological examination of biopsy specimens revealed chronic antral gastritis, chronic fundal gastritis and chronic diffuse pangastritis. Superficial chronic duodenitis was rare and was erosive only in 11.4%. Helicobacter pylori in biopsy of stomach samples were detected more often in associations of various forms. Chronic antral gastritis of the type B was characterized by a predominantly high activity of the pathological process, moderate atrophy of the pyloric glands and a high incidence of small bowel metaplasia. Violations of the microvasculature, hemorrhages in the interfoveolaris part, plethora of blood vessels, and sludge in the capillaries were revealed in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the antrum of the stomach; lymph nodes with pronounced germinal centers were observed in half the cases. In the interfoveolaris part of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane, a high density of inflammatory cell infiltrate was observed, in which plasmocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages were detected. Chronic fundal gastritis of the type B was characterized mainly with moderate and minimal activity of the pathological process. Helicobacter pylori were detected on the surface of the entire epithelium. Focal small intestinal metaplasia and atrophy of the main glands were rarely detected. Atrophy of the main glands was predominantly and minimal and was often combined with hyperplasia of parietal cells. The density of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate remained high; plasmocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages were found in it (in decreasing order). The study of biopsy samples of the mucosa of different parts of the stomach and duodenum against the background of contamination with a pyloric helicobacter revealed the presence of chronic antral, fundal gastritis and chronic duodenitis of the II-III degree with the development of small bowel metaplasia and dysplasia.

Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is the essential of modern reproductive medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the native and frozen material in the assisted reproductive technology programs. We investigated 120 semen samples of healthy males (sperm donors). One hundred cases (83%) demonstrate mobility attenuation after defrosting from 67% to 84% versus initial value. During the investigation of 35 native and 23 frozen oocytes, we taped an insignificant decreasing of cleavage rate (from 98,4% to 84,2%, p=0,018). We performed 1289 defrosted gametes and embryos transfers and used closed (n=611, CryoTip, USA) and open (n=678, CryoTop, Japan) type carriers. The majority of indicators was better when we used open type carriers: survival (84,8% for closed type, 95,1% for open type, p <0,0001), pregnancy rate (39,5%, 44,2%, p=0,001), labors rate (72,7%, 67,3%, p=0,003), losses rate (27,3%, 24,3%, p=0,044). The obtained data allow us to conclude that the vitrification of morphologically normal gametes doesn't deteriorate the efficiency of cryo-program and keeps their reproductive status. Open type carriers for vitrification and storage of embryos demonstrates higher survival of embryos, pregnancy rate and lower losses rate after cryopreservation as compared to closed type carriers. Highly likely it occurs due to direct contact of an embryo with liquid nitrogen and high freezing speed. It can be the crucial factor defining the success of the vitrification in open type carriers.

The pineal gland is a functionally light-dependent organ located in different conditions depending on living in different latitudes. Insufficient data on the morphological and functional state of the human pineal gland under various living conditions constitute a significant gap in the study of the pineal gland. A morphological study of the epiphysis of the indigenous population of different age groups was carried out, obtained during of autopsies on in the pathology department of the National Center of Medicine of Yakutsk (Republic of Sakha). The methods of morphometric analysis with the calculation of indicators of the area of pinealocyte karyons and the quantitative assessment of pineal gland parenchyma cells were used. The data obtained show age-related changes in morphological and functional activity, including changes in the size of light and dark cell karyons in the oldest age group. The largest deviations were observed among dark cells, probably indicating their transition and replenishment of active secreting pinealocytes against the background of a general decrease in the number of cells associated with fibrosis and organ calcification. In the group of 6069 years old, there is an increase in the number of gliocytes, significant compared with the younger age group. In the group of the oldest age, a sharp decrease in their number is noted. Age-related morphological and functional changes in the pineal gland in the indigenous population of Yakutia are most evident at the age of 60-69 and include signs of a decrease in the functional activity of pinealocytes, progressive calcification of the pineal gland, accumulation of neural pigment and proliferation of connective tissue, with the formation of a stromal type of structure.