An athlete of each kind of sport has a certain type of external body composition peculiar only to him, his somatic type. The physique and the state of the musculoskeletal system are important criteria for sports orientation and sports selection. The assessment of body types and its component composition is also one of the defining criteria for the selection and orientation of highly qualified skiers aimed at achieving success in competitive activities. The purpose of the study: using the method of three-level variation, to establish the features of the model parameters of the body of highly skilled cross-country skiers and assess the degree of their biological maturity. 19 masters of sports of Russia in highly qualified skiing, male and female, took part in the survey. In the course of the study, the anthropometric method was used, the body types of athletes were determined using the method of Dorokhov, which made it possible to reveal their morphological status and body composition. Analysis of the total body dimensions revealed that the average body length of male skiers was 177±2,3 cm, body weight - 72,7±2,15 kg, for female skiers -162,4±2,4 cm and 60,4±3,2 kg, respectively, which is consistent with the results reported in the literature. Variants of the biological development of the subjects are highlighted. An analysis of the studies carried out made it possible to state that cross-country skiers, on average, reach biological maturity by the age of 22. Bioimpedancemetry showed the symmetry of various parts of the body and its influence on the performance of basic motor actions. A high positive relationship between total body sizes and an inverse relationship between its fat and muscle components was established. Characterization of body types revealed the predominant distribution of body components in the zone of micro-mesosomal variation. The assessment of body types of athletes confirms the opinion of experts that weight loss increases the speed abilities of an athlete and reflects the direction of the training process. The developed evaluation coefficients, somatic types and variants of biological development will make it possible to select young athletes for cross-country skiing.

It is known that the healing of skin wounds of various etiologies is a multistage process characterized by certain intercellular interactions that affect the adhesion of dermal cells, their migration and differentiation. The modern strategy of tissue engineering mostly attracted for the use of the patient's own cells to create in vitro a vascularized extracellular matrix, which is characterized by the absence of exogenous material, which brings the regeneration process identity to the physiological one. The aim of this study was the morphological transformations of the dermis in the burn area using a biodegradable calcium-containing filler, which acts as a dynamic and multifunctional regulator of the cellular activity of the dermis. The study was performed on 30 laboratory outbred rats. All animals were given a third-degree burn, then the animals were divided into two groups: control and experimental. On the 14th day after the application of the burn, the rats of the experimental group were injected with an injectable implant preparation based on calcium hydroxyapatite «Radiesse». In the group of control animals, sterile saline was used. Biological material was taken at the time corresponding to 2 and 4 months. To assess the morphological state of the burn zone, histological sections of skin preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Mallory, Masson and Van Gieson. Collagen types I and III were also determined by immunohistochemistry. The data obtained suggest that the use of a calcium-containing filler is promising for skin regeneration after a burn and can provide an extracellular matrix of the dermis with a composition and architecture of a collagen network close to natural. Differentiated detection of type I and III collagens confirmed the activation of the rate of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts in both the dermis of the burn zone and in the implant zone by the end of the second month. The assessment of the tissue entropy index confirms the similarity of the structural organization as dermis of the natural as restored after the burn and the use of the preparation. The strategy proposed in the experiment, using the body's own cells to synthesize an extracellular matrix similar to the natural one, can be an alternative to existing methods of burn treatment.

The prevalence of sarcopenia varies widely depending on the population of the surveyed population, differences in sex, age, ethnicity, living conditions, hospitalization, nursing home living, and assessment tools and methods. It is of interest to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in different populations of the elderly. The purpose of the study is to study the frequency of occurrence of sarcopenia in elderly men, depending on the somatotype and anthropometric features in order to determine the algorithm for its rapid diagnosis. A comprehensive anatomical and anthropological examination of 198 men aged 61 to 75 years, suffering from sarcopenia, was carried out. The results obtained were compared with those of 37 elderly men who do not have sarcopenia. The constitutional types of all participants in the study were identified according to the Rees–Eisenck method, the Shevkunenko-Geselevich classification, and body types according to Chernorutsky. The most common comorbidities associated with sarcopenia have been identified and analyzed. The constitutional types most predisposed to the manifestation of sarcopenia were identified. It is proved that on all used classifications the normosthenic according to Chernorutsky and Rees-Eisenck and mesomorphic according to Shevkunenko-Geselevich types prevailed. The most accessible method of somatotyping based on express diagnostics has been tested. It has been proven that hypersthenics are more often prone to sarcopenia, in contrast to representatives of other constitutional types according to Chernorutsky's classification. It was revealed that patients with type II diabetes mellitus (26,3%), with hypertension of I–II degree, chronic heart failure of functional class I (30,8%), obesity of I–II degree (22,7%), osteoporosis (15,1%) in history. The determination of the somatic constitution and the presence in the anamnesis of the most common comorbid conditions with sarcopenia that occur in elderly men helps to identify a predisposition to the development of sarcopenia, which in turn makes it possible to expressly diagnose patients for timely correction of the pathology aimed at eliminating and/or reduce the manifestations of the disease.

Supporting of the functional pool of neurons during age-related brain involution is closely related to chaperone-mediated autophagy, the main function of which is to provide cellular proteostasis and utilize neurotoxic proteins. Impairment of this type of autophagy underlies the pathogenesis of many age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. In this aspect, it seems relevant to study the relationship between key markers of chaperone-mediated autophagy and their relative contribution to aging and neurodegeneration in order to determine pharmaceutical targets. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of expression of markers of chaperone-mediated autophagy - heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2) in neurons of various areas of the human brain during aging. The study was performed on autopsy material of patients whose causes of death were not associated with neurological diseases. Preparations of the cortex of the precentral gyrus, striatum and hippocampus were studied in the group of cases of young age (35-45 years, n=5) and senile age (>75 years, n=10). Immunohistochemical staining was performed using primary antibodies to HSP70 and LAMP2. Optical density was assessed in the perikaryon of 150 large neurons in layer V of the cortex of the precentral gyrus, striatum, and pyramidal layer of the hippocampus. The results of the study demonstrated an increase in the expression of both HSP70 and LAMP2A in brain preparations from cases of senile age. The higher values of the optical density of HSP70 compared to LAMP2A in brain preparations from senile cases were probably due to dissociation between the stage of substrate binding and the stage of its translocation. It can be assumed that the binding of nonfunctioning proteins to HSP70 and cochaperones occurs faster than their movement into the lumen of lysosomes via LAMP2A. The results obtained suggest that the increasing of levels of markers of chaperone-mediated autophagy may be of a compensatory-adaptive nature and ensure the survival of neurons under conditions of chronic stress during physiological aging.

The mortality from peritonitis is still high, so the question of the pathogenesis of this disease remains relevant. Of considerable interest are reactive and compensatory-adaptive changes in liver tissues during the development of peritonitis, since both the general state of the body and the during of the postoperative period depend on the state of the liver. The purpose of the study was reactive and compensatory-adaptive changes in mesothelial cells of the serous membrane of the liver in conditions of acute experimental peritonitis in laboratory mice. White mice were used in the amount of 35 individuals of both sexes at the age of 3 months weighing 25–30 grams. Animals under ether anesthesia were made laparotomy and the abdominal cavity was contaminated with a mixture containing autopunctate of the terminal part of the small intestine and blood at the rate of 10 ml per 1 kg of body weight. Peritonitis was reproduced by creating a focus of necrotic damage in the ventral wall of the abdominal cavity. The control group of animals was injected with saline. The study material was the liver. Morphometric and electronic microscopy research methods, the method of film preparations of mesothelium with subsequent impregnation with silver were used. As a result of the study, it was found that experimental peritonitis is accompanied by the development of structural changes in liver tissues, expressed differently at different periods of inflammation. The noted changes are systemic and involve hepatocytes, hepatic beams and cholangiocytes of the interlobular excretory bile ducts, mesothelial cells of the serous sheath, cells of the connective tissue of the interlobular layers and portal tracts, as well as cellular elements of the hepatic sinusoids and the perisinusoidal space. With the development of peritonitis, the exudation of the mesothelium of the hepatic capsule increases and becomes maximum on the 7th day of the experiment, mesothelial cells undergo dystrophic changes. With the attenuation of peritonitis at 2–4 weeks of the experiment, the dystrophic processes of the mesothelium of the hepatic capsule weaken and the state of its cells normalizes. Thus, the conducted electronic microscopic and morphometric studies prove that experimental peritonitis is accompanied by the development of regular reactive changes in liver tissues, expressed differently at different periods of inflammation.

The main function of iron in the human body is to ensure the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the composition of hemoglobin molecules. With its deficiency, there is a deterioration in aerobic processes in brain tissues, muscle metabolism, physical performance and endurance, and immunity. In athletes, iron deficiency can occur latently for some time, leading to the depletion of its reserves. In this aspect, it is important to assess the depot and metabolism of iron in people involved in physical culture and sports, and especially in athletes of high achievements. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of ferritin and transferrin in the blood serum of people systematically engaged in physical culture and sports and their relationship with indicators of physical development and physical performance. A survey was conducted of 44 students (34 male and 10 female students) who regularly go in for physical culture and sports in such sports as athletics, freestyle wrestling, boxing, mas-wrestling, table tennis, archery, national jumping, northern all- around. In the studied groups, the levels of ferritin and transferrin in blood serum, body composition by bio impedancemetry, heart rate, hand dynamometry to assess muscle strength were determined. As a result of the studies, a relationship was established between a decrease in the concentration of serum ferritin and the strength of the muscles of the hand, endurance, indicators of the cardiovascular system, and others. A direct correlation was found r=0,312 (p=0,04) between the level of serum ferritin and the index of hand dynamometry. The complex of physiological changes caused by iron deficiency can limit the professional capabilities of athletes and their ability to achieve high sports results. From the results of the study, the conclusion follows that it is necessary to regularly assess the level of iron storage in the body of people who are intensively engaged in physical culture and sports in order to timely compensate for iron deficiency and improve professional performance in sports, which is extremely important in obtaining high results in sports of high achievements.

The disorganization of natural biorhythms in the modern world is mostly attributed to the violation of circadian rhythms due to light pollution. Urbanization is directly interconnected with an excess of artificial lighting. As a one-time phenomenon, light pollution leads to a reversible shift in circadian rhythms, but in the case of constant influence, it leads to the development of desynchronosis. It is known that light pollution contributes to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and metabolic disorders. The study aimed to investigate the changes in micro-morphometric parameters and ultrastructure of hepatocytes of Wistar rats under the influence of normal lighting and constant lighting exposure. This study was conducted on 120 outbred stock male Wistar rats at an age of 6 months, with a body weight of 350 g. The rats were divided into 2 equal groups. The control group included 60 rats, kept in standard laboratory conditions under a normal cyclical «light-dark» lighting regime (10:14, 10 hours of light – from 8:00 to 18:00, 14 hours of darkness – from 18:00 to 8:00) within 3 weeks. The experimental group included 60 rats kept in standard laboratory conditions under constant lighting within 3 weeks. To obtain the results, histological, micro morphometric methods and transmission electronic microscopy were used. The revealed changes of the hepatocytes under the influence of constant lighting indicate that a violation of the illumination regime is a potent factor causing damage and structural changes in the liver. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the liver's response to circadian rhythm disruption and associated damage is important to form patient-specific recommendations on lifestyle and behavioral regimens.

Nucleolar stress is part of the pathogenesis of such neurodegenerative diseases as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, information about changes in the nucleoli in vascular dementia that occurs against the background of post-stroke cerebrovascular accidents is practically absent. The aim of this study was to determine the size of the nucleoli in the neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is the main source of histamine synthesis in the brain, using autopsy material from cases with vascular dementia (n=9) compared with the control group of cases (n=10) without cognitive impairment. On histological preparations stained with cresyl-violet according to Nissl, the cross-sectional area of the nucleoli of neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus was significantly smaller in cases with vascular dementia compared with the control group, which indicates not only a decrease in the level of histamine formation involved in the control of sleep cycles and wakefulness and memory, but also about the possible initiation of cell death. The severity of changes in the size of the nucleoli was almost identical to changes in other morphometric criteria for the metabolic activity of neurons, namely the size of the Golgi complex, nuclei and perinuclear area.

Currently, the variability of the anatomical structures of the neck is increasingly being considered from the standpoint of typical anatomy. The wide possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging make it possible to study the variability of the cervical spine from the standpoint of typical anatomy. Purpose of the study: to determine the patterns of anatomical variability of the cervical spine according to magnetic resonance imaging in individuals with different neck shapes. The material of the study was magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine without pathological changes in 125 people of both sexes aged 25 to 70 years. On sagittal tomograms, the magnitude of cervical lordosis was determined according to the method of Y. Zhu et al. (2020). To assess various types of bends of the cervical spine, the method of determining the angle of the axis of V.T. Pustovoitenko et al. (2012). As a result of the study, the range of normative values of indicators characterizing the bends of the cervical spine according to magnetic resonance imaging in the norm was determined, taking into account the typical variability of the neck. The angle of inclination of the first thoracic vertebra was 24,5±1,34°, the angle of the upper thoracic inlet was 67,4±1,65°, the angle of the axis was 22,3±1,94°. The frequency of occurrence of various types of bends of the cervical spine in patients with normal, wide and narrow neck shapes was established. Persons with a normal neck shape are characterized by a high frequency of physiological lordosis, which is 81% according to the study. With a wide neck shape, hyperlordosis is most often determined (37%), physiological lordosis is observed in 32% of cases. In those examined with a narrow neck shape, mild lordosis is predominantly determined, which is 50% of all cases studied. The data obtained will allow interpreting the results of magnetic resonance imaging, taking into account the typical variability of the examined.

Often, women with diabetes mellitus give birth to children with diabetic fetopathy, which is characterized by a high incidence of defects in the development of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was an experimental analysis of the structural and functional features of the contractile cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle of 70-day-old adult offspring obtained from mothers with type I diabetes mellitus induced before pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus was modeled in adult sexually mature female rats using streptozotocin. The apex of the wall of the left ventricle of their sexually mature offspring was subjected to histological examination. The control group was animals obtained from mothers with uncomplicated physiological pregnancy. During the study, it was found that in experimental animals there is a decrease in the specific area of the parenchyma of the left ventricular myocardium with a simultaneous increase in the area of the stroma, a decrease in the number of contractile cardiomyocytes and their nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio, a significant decrease in the content of binuclear cardiomyocytes and the increase of accumulation of glycogen in them. The results obtained allow us to conclude that experimental type I diabetes mellitus in pregnant female laboratory rats causes a violation of the structural and functional formation of the contractile apparatus of the heart of their offspring and leads to persistent structural myocardial disorders in the late period of postnatal ontogenesis.

The educational topic «General anatomy of bone joints» of human anatomy in medical universities, which is key to understanding arthrology and syndesmology, is quite difficult for students to master due to serious discrepancies in the description of this section by the authors of textbooks and manuals which written on Russian Language and English Language. The purpose of this study is to compare the interpretation of the general data on bone joints of Russian-speaking and English-speaking anatomical schools in order to determine the basic differences in approaches to their study, which should be taken into account when teaching this topic to medical students. The texts of textbooks and manuals on human anatomy for students of medical universities in Russian and English served as materials for the study. Differences in approaches to the description of bone joints and in the interpretation of their main characteristics are revealed. Most Russian textbooks do not indicate exactly what type of connective tissue fibrous compounds are formed, it is not clear whether all fibrous compounds should be considered syndesmoses, or whether these are only ligaments and membranes. Classifying some joints as both complex and combined contradicts the principle of classification according to mutually exclusive features. As for the English-language educational literature, the English word «joint» is not a synonym for the Russian word «articulation» i.e. «connection between bones» and can mean any type of connection in general, in contrast to its Russian counterpart, which has a specific meaning, synonymous with the phrase «synovial connection». When describing the articular surfaces, the verbal construct «articular surfaces» is not used, only the structures that make up the joint are described. Flat joints are called «gliding joint», the movement described in them is called gliding. All these discrepancies and contradictions introduce a significant amount of misunderstanding in the course of studying the relevant topics by students, require explanations for the approaches to describing and classifying bone joints, their revision in order to increase the efficiency of studying the relevant sections and the unambiguity of their interpretation.

The article is devoted to the biography of professor Rafail Boyko, Doctor of medical sciences, histologist, endocrinologist, Learner of Professor Boris Alyoshin, who made a significant contribution to the teaching of histology, embryology and cytology in soviet medical schools in the second half of the 20th century. He headed the Department of Histology and Embryology of the Izhevsk State Medical Institute (1972-1977), the Department of Histology and Embryology of the Kursk State Medical Institute (1977-1980), the Department of Physiology of the Kherson State University (1981-1995). Professor Rafail Boyko had a significant impact on the development of scientific morphological research and the formation of the scientific community in Russia and Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to restore the history of the formation of Russian science and the scientific morphological school of the outstanding Russian histologists Boris Lavrentiev - Boris Alyoshin, analysis of the scientific works of Professor Rafail Boyko, determination of his contribution to the development of the scientific community of morphologists and endocrinologists in Russia and Ukraine and to the system of higher medical education. The subject of the research in the article was the scientific biography of the scientist, histologist, physiologist and endocrinologist Rafail Boyko, one of the representatives of the famous scientific morphological school of histology. The object of the study was the scientific work of Rafail Boyko in 60th - 70th of 20th century. The research methods are based on comparative-historical, biographical, historical-scientific and documentary-retrospective research methods. The authors of the article prove the contribution of Professor Rafail Boyko in the development of the scientific community of morphologists and endocrinologists in Russia and Ukraine, in the structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and peripheral endocrine glands, in the development of histochemical and immunochemical research methods. He became one of the first researchers who stained and described the structure of adenohypophysis cells synthesizing adrenocorticotropic hormone. Authors show the contribution of Rafail Boyko in the development of the system of higher medical education in Russia and research centers in Ukraine and that the results of published scientific research by Professor Rafail Boyko are relevant at the present time.