The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important cellular signaling pathway involved in a number of important physiological functions, including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, protein synthesis and autophagy in response to various external stimuli. The mTOR signaling pathway significantly affects the aging process in the body, regulating cellular functions and adaptation to stressful conditions, but its significance for the development and physiological aging of human skin remains poorly understood and opens up prospects for further research. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of changes in the proportion of mTOR⁺-fibroblasts in the human dermis during skin development and aging and to determine the possible role of mTOR in regulating the number and proliferative activity of fibroblasts during its age-related changes. The study material included 114 skin preparations from autopsy cases of different ages. The skin samples were autopsies of the lower part of the anterior neck surface obtained from fetuses starting from the 20^th week of pregnancy and from humans from birth to 85 years of age. MTOR⁺-, PCNA⁺- and vimentin⁺-fibroblasts were studied on formalin-fixed sections using the immunohistochemical method. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the skin of fetuses contains significantly more mTOR⁺-fibroblasts than the skin of humans from birth to 85 years of age. The proportion of fibroblasts expressing mTOR in the human dermis statistically significantly decreases from the age of 20 weeks to 60 years from 95% to 78%, which proves the importance of the age factor in the content of mTOR⁺-fibroblasts in the human dermis. In the postnatal period, a gradual decrease in the proportion of mTOR⁺-fibroblasts is observed. The negative dynamics of age-related changes in the proportion of mTOR⁺-fibroblasts in the dermis from the fetal period to 60 years of age is in the same direction as the age-related dynamics of the total number and proliferative activity of fibroblasts. Thus, evidence has been obtained for the age-specificity of mTOR participation in the regulation of fibroblast proliferation in the dermis of human skin.

In clinical practice, the common term «nodular goiter» refers to a disease that combines nodular formations of the thyroid gland with different morphological structures. It should be noted that this pathology most often occurs in the elderly and senile age in individuals of both sexes, when the patient has developed a complex of comorbid pathology that complicates the underlying disease. Concomitant pathology in patients with thyroid diseases is quite diverse, influencing the underlying disease and mutually aggravating each other, they create difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the study: to establish immunohistochemical features of nodular formations of the thyroid gland in patients with comorbid pathology and their diagnostic and prognostic value. The study included 74 patients who underwent thyroidectomy according to clinical indications. Females predominated, making up 85% of the entire study group of patients. The median age of the study group of patients was 47 years. To study morphological changes, preparations of the removed thyroid gland were used. In total, 74 preparations from patients of the surgical department with a clinical assessment of their comorbid profile were analyzed in the course of the study using immunohistochemical assessment of p-53, Ki-67, and thyroglobulin markers. Among the comorbid pathologies, hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart rhythm disturbances, cholelithiasis, and chronic venous diseases of the lower extremities were identified. It was found that immunohistochemical examination of thyroid preparations in patients with complicated comorbid background is a diagnostically valuable method for determining postoperative treatment tactics. Assessment of the degree of proliferative activity of thyroid tissues allows predicting the risk of recurrence and malignancy of nodular goiter, as well as determining the subsequent, most appropriate type of surgical intervention. The first degree of goiter proliferation is not a risk factor for its relapse after surgery. The second degree of proliferation is a risk factor for goiter recurrence. The third degree of proliferation is a reliable sign of goiter recurrence and possible malignancy of the nodes.

The carotid glomus (glomus caroticum) is a chemoreceptor organ of the paraganglionic system, functionally stimulated by hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis. The relevance of its study is due to its ability to regulate blood pressure and heart rate. The importance of studying the structure of this organ is due to carotid endarterectomy in atherosclerosis of the internal carotid artery with its stenosis in combination with symptoms of cerebrovascular accidents. Significant anatomical variability of its innervation and blood supply, rapid postmortem pathomorphological changes and tissue predisposition to artifacts during the preparation of histological preparations complicate the interpretation of the results of morphological studies. The objective of the review is to present material combining information on the structure of the carotid glomerulus at the organ, tissue, cellular and subcellular levels of its organization. The following scientific databases were used to search for information: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Europe PubMed Central, HubMed, e-Library.ru, CyberLeninka, Google Academy. The keywords in the search were carotid body, carotid glomus. Of the 44 valid scientific publications, 9 were written by Russian scientists, 35 - by foreign authors. Analysis of the structure of the glomus at the macroscopic level indicates variability in the number, symmetry of location, and shape of this organ. Light microscopy allowed us to classify it as an organ of the parenchymatous type of structure with the presence of a structural and functional unit - the glomerulus. Immunohistochemical research helped to verify the parenchyma cells and classify them into two types, and ultrastructural analysis helped to form an idea of ​​the contents of these cells and their intercellular interactions. Based on the data obtained, the relevance of further study of age-related and reactive changes in the carotid glomus, as well as its role in the development of arterial hypertension, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, head and neck tumors and other pathological processes associated with its function is substantiated. Morphological studies of the carotid glomus can provide new facts for the development of human morphology, increase the effectiveness of therapy for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. For this, it is necessary to clarify some key points, in particular, the morphology of the supporting cells of the second type, to determine in more detail the types of intercellular contacts in the glomerulus, and to solve classification problems in the description of the main cells of the glomerulus.

Skin wound healing is a complex process involving many types of cells and mediators. Studying the mechanisms of skin regeneration requires creating experimental models that would allow analyzing the dynamics of the wound process, identifying factors influencing it, and developing new treatment methods. The aim of the study was to summarize the information available in the world literature on the pathogenesis of the wound process and experimental models of mechanical damage to the skin. Material and methods of the study were articles published in scientific journals and available for searching on the Internet (eLibrary and PubMed databases). The search was carried out using the following keywords: skin wounds, skin regeneration, wound healing, abrasions, linear wound, incisional wound, excisional wound. As a result of the analysis, it was adopted that the process of reparative skin regeneration includes three interrelated stages: hemostasis and inflammation, cell proliferation and tissue restoration and remodeling. Although some aspects of wound healing can be studied in vitro, reproduction of the regenerative process in a whole organism requires the use of laboratory animals. As a rule, skin wounds are modeled on rats and mice, and larger animals (rabbits, pigs, sheep) are used less often. Models of mechanical skin damage are used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of wound-healing agents, wound dressing materials, physiotherapeutic methods of influencing the regenerative process, such as laser phototherapy and electromechanical stimulation. The condition of the damaged skin is analyzed by morphometric, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic methods. The most common models of mechanical skin damage are abrasions, full-layer linear and excisional wounds. They can serve as a basis for reproducing chronic wounds whose healing is hampered by metabolic or immune status disorders, circulatory disorders, infections, or other causes. When studying skin damage, one should remember that the nature and processes of its regeneration in animals and humans do not fully correspond, and therefore the results of modeling require confirmation in appropriate clinical studies.

The monograph by Radik Khayrullin «On the theoretical concepts of modern human anatomy» is devoted to an analytical review of the tasks and controversial issues in the field of human anatomy that are relevant for the current stage of development of biomedical science and is presented in six chapters, the author’s preface and conclusion with the main results of the issues under consideration. In the preface to the book, the author draws attention to the insufficient development of the theoretical foundations of human anatomy; in the course of its development, this science often used the tools and concepts of related disciplines, trying to adapt them to its tasks. The first chapter «On the problem of searching for meanings and theories in anatomy and medicine» presents an analytical review, which outlines a list of topical issues about the place of modern anatomy in the system of medical and biological sciences, about the ways of its development. In the second chapter, the author, critically analyzing the well-known scientific work of Peter Lesgaft «Basis of Theoretical Anatomy» (1892), discusses the tasks of modern anatomy, the limitations of the functional principle of analysis in human anatomy, and the importance of unity in the use of anatomical terms. The third chapter of the book is devoted to the author's analysis of little-known theoretical works of Russian morphologists who developed comparative anatomy concepts. The fourth chapter, «On the methodological basis and concepts of Soviet medical anatomy», is devoted to the Soviet period of development of theoretical concepts of anatomy. The fifth chapter, «Some lessons of the history of the Russian anatomical professional community», is devoted to the history of the emergence, development and current state of the professional organization of Russian anatomists. In the sixth chapter, «Human anatomy as a science today - the applied brilliance and fundamental poverty of modern biomedicine», the author states that in modern anatomy, as in other sciences on the structural organization of living beings, there is no adequately developed theoretical basis that would contribute to its effective and dynamic development. The criteria of similarity and difference between two separate scientific disciplines – human anatomy and physical anthropology – are considered and analyzed in detail. At the theoretical level, human anatomy and physical anthropology are united by the conceptual basis of general principles of organization and functioning of the human organism. The book will be useful not only for professionals, students and postgraduates involved in human anatomy, physical anthropology and morphology, but also for historians of science, as well as a wide range of readers for whom the issues of knowledge development and the formation of individual sections of the great science of the structure and shape of the human body are important.