2017 marks the 95th year of the death of Alexander Stanislavovich Dogel, a professor and a famous neurohistologist who added lustre to neurohistology by his unique supravital studies of the nervous system by means of methylene blue. Dogel's basis works are equal in their significance to those of Ramon-y-Kajal, Retzius and other universally acknowledged neurologists. The fundamental difference between the works of Dogel and the works of the great Ramon-y-Kajal is that he was the first to indisputably prove the syncytial and cytoplasmic connection between the soma and the dendrites in the neuron system. His works decisively confirmed the data obtained by Wagner, Sosa-Sosa, Kulchitsky and many others on the connection between syncytial commissural interneurons. He was the first to get apparent images of cobweb-like neural nets - a real reticulum. We have also managed to find original pictures of preparates used by the prominent adherents of the neuron theory - A. Van Gehuchten, Ramon-y-Kajal, Retzius - that confirm the possibility of syncytial connectivity in the neural system and arguments of the reticular theory. The intravital own studies of the tissue allowed the authors of the article to prove the possibility of syncytial fusion of nerve dendrites, emergence of binucleate cells and formation of the nerve reticulum elements.

The purpose of this study is to assess the extent of morphological changes in the structural components of the great saphenous vein in individuals of different age groups in norm and in varicose veins by morphometry of their volume fractions. The work was performed on autopsy material of 55 people who died at the age of 25 to 89 years, who had no pathological changes in the wall of the examined of the great saphenous veins at the time of death. To study of changes in the wall of the great saphenous vein in individuals of different age groups in varicose disease, fragments of veins removed during phlebotomy in 80 patients with varicose veins were used. The study of volume fractions structural components in individuals of different age groups showed that the volume of the inner shell - (further -tunica intima - TI) and the volume of the capillary network in the middle shell (hereinafter - tunica media - TM) decreased with age, while the volume of the muscular component in the circular layer of TM, as the age of patients did not change, and the content of longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle cells in the outer shell (further tunica externa - TE) increased. The study of changes in vascular-tissue relations in the wall of the great saphenous vein in individuals of different age groups showed that the vascularization of the circular layer of TM is higher than in TE. In varicose veins, there is an increase in volume fraction of TI in young and adulthood, which indicates an increase in signs of fibrosis, and a decrease in the volume fraction of TI in the elderly and old age indicates the progression of sclerotic changes. Unlike the norm in all age groups with varicose disease in the TM structure, the quantitative changes of the characteristics studied by us change into qualitative ones. In the circular layer TM, a decrease in the proportion of circularly oriented beams of smooth muscle cells is accompanied by an increase in the connective tissue matrix, the proportion of whose volume increases with the age of the patients. Thus, the data obtained by us showed that with age in the wall of the great saphenous vein are in varicose disease, morphological changes that promote endothelial dysfunction increase, which can be one of the factors of formation of thrombi. Also is reduced the share of structures with contractile function in TM, which leads to venous congestion in basin of the great saphenous vein.

The article presents modern statistical data on the prevalence of purulent pyelonephritis in Russia, shows the pathogenesis of purulent pyelonephritis development from the point of view of circulatory disorders in the kidney on the example of 23 patients operated under the conditions of the urology department of the Altai Regional Clinical Hospital by the original method in the period from 2016 to 2017 Morphological studies were carried out in the department of pathological anatomy. The evaluation of morphological disorders in the kidney with significant changes in the microcirculatory bed during the operation from the apostemic zone, from the perifocal inflammation zone at a distance of 1 cm from the lesion sites and from the conventionally healthy areas of the parenchyma of the same kidney by electron microscopy. Additionally, the sections of the kidney tissues that were removed due to the irreversible destructive changes that occurred in them were examined. It was established that the irreversible development of acute purulent pyelonephritis is associated with ischemia of the renal tissue and to achieve good results in the treatment of patients, measures should be taken to restore the lost arterial blood flow.

The study was carried out on a series of frontal total paraffin sections with a thickness of 20 ^m, colored with cresyl violet by the Nissl method. The cytoarchitectonic of the cortex of the area 10 of the prefrontal cortex of the frontal region of the brain of men (10 hemispheres) and the brain of women (10 hemispheres) in old age was studied. Modern morphometric methods were used in the work. As a result of the study, sex differences in age-related changes in the leading cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the cortex of the 10th frontal region of the brain of men and women were revealed. It is established that the thickness of the cortex of the area 10, the thickness of the associative layer III, the area of the profile field of the neurons of this layer in old age when compared with the elderly varies more in men than in women.

In the study, 29 totally cleared and double-stained human embryos of 7-12 weeks of gestational age and 33series of histological sections of 7-70 mm CRL human embryos were used. At the 5th week of gestation, the vertebrae are presented by mesenchymal condensations around the notochord. In 7 week embryos, separate centers of chondrification are identified in the vertebral primordia. At the end of the embryonic period (8th week of development) due to the fusion of the centers of chondrification, the vertebral primordia are presented by whole cartilaginous structures having a centrum located in front of the spinal cord and two neural processes that span it from two sides. The body of the future vertebrae is located on the ventral side of the spinal cord, the anteroposterior size of which is approximately twice as large as the similar size of the cartilaginous primordium of vertebral body. The neural processes are directed dorsally and cover only 3/4 of the circumference of the spinal cord from both sides. As a result, the vertebral foramen remains open behind and there is no spinous process. The neural arches of all thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae fuse in fetuses of the 10th week of gestation. At the 10th week of gestation, the centers of ossification appear in the neural processes of C2-Th8. The primary centers of ossification in the ribs appear from the 8th week of embryogenesis. It is established that the fusion of the neural processes behind the spinal cord begins with the lower cervical - upper thoracic vertebrae and then the process spreads in the cranial and caudal directions. Simultaneously with the fusion of the neural processes, a spinous process of the vertebrae is formed. The formation of the spinal canal is completed in 12-week human fetuses. At all stages of development of the vertebral primordia, their close interaction with the notochord is traced. Notochord plays an important role in the morphogenesis of axial structures. The congenital neural tube defect (anencephaly) is combined with the spina bifida and fusion of adjacent vertebral arches.

Open or closed system of blood circulation in the spleen? This issue has been debated for many years. However, a consensus between the authors representing opposing viewpoints on hemorrhage in the spleen has not been established to date. The purpose of the study is to provide data on morphological-functional features of the blood circulation system in the human spleen. The work was performed on spleen preparations (n=17) of people of different ages. Injectional and histological methods of investigation were used. The obtained data testify to the extremely complex blood vessels architecture of the human spleen, which includes an open also and closed blood circulation system.

The scientific literature rarely contains data on the number, density, location of the small glands of the vestibule and their morphogenesis. The aim of the study was to obtain complex quantitative macro-microscopic data on small glands of the vestibule in the postnatal ontogenesis. The material of the study was 299 total histological preparations of the glands of the vestibule of vagine walls obtained at autopsy, beginning from the period of the newborn to the period of longevity inclusive. Fixed preparations were placed in a 0.5% acetic acid solution with 0,05% methylene blue solution. At the level of the middle third of the vestibule, transverse sections were performed with further staining with hematoxylin-eosin, picro-fuxin according to Van Gison, according to Weigert, according to Craigberg, and Grimelius silvering reaction. The analysis showed that throughout the entire postnatal ontogenesis glands of the vestibule with one initial section predominate. The glands of the vestibule are fully formed by the time the baby is born. Beginning with the period of the newborn and up to the period of the first adult age, the glandular apparatus of the vestibular vestibule develops actively. Beginning with the second period of adulthood and until the senile age, inclusive changes occur in the small glands of the vestibule. In the old age, the shape of the glands becomes much simpler and their number decreases with three, four or more initial sections, the gland content grows with one initial department.

In recent years, nanostructures and nanosystems have been used effectively in the processes of regeneration of living tissues and to protect against free radicals. In the article, metallocarbon nanocomposites and their analogs containing phosphorus, silicon and sulfur are characterized as active agents in recombination reactions and in reactions that promote karyokinesis. The activity of these substances is due to the fact that they consist of metal-containing clusters in a three-four-layer shell of carbon fibers that contain fragments of polyene and carbyne. At the junctions of these fragments, a delocalized electron is formed, which is characteristic of stable free radicals. Stabilization of the nanogranular formed is provided by coordination of metal and carbyne fragments of the shell. Examples are given of the use of nanocomposites as growth stimulators for conifers, flowering plants and fruit plants and the prospects for their use for studying physiological processes in living systems.

In determining of geometric parameters of bodies of complex shape, their geometric equivalents are often used in the form of bodies of regular shape having the same values of linear dimensions, volume or surface area. The aim of the study is to obtain formulas for finding the semi-axes of an equivalent cylinder in values of growth, body weight and density or volume, as well as the surface area of the human body. It is shown that the geometric equivalent of a human body is an elliptical cylinder whose height, volume and surface area are equal to the corresponding body parameters. Such a geometric equivalent can be used as a generalized human anthropometric parameter, as well as a phantom for experimental studies on human and environmental heat exchange, in evaluating the thermal insulation properties of tissues and for other experiments in applied anthropology.

Some studies indicate cytotoxic manifestations of opisthorchiasis in the morphological changes in the elements of peripheral blood. However, these effects have specificity in different animal species. An experimental study of hematopoietic cells and stromal components of bone marrow in rabbits after 4 months after infection of opisthorchiasis was made. The changes of only the cells of the myelocytic part of the hemopoietic component were revealed. A violation of tinctorial properties and nuclear structure of the eosinophilic pseudo-eosinophilic promyelocytes retain this feature on the myelocytic stage as well as the absence and in uneven distribution of grain and eosinophilic pseudo-eosinophilic myelocytes, metamyelocytes, also are natural lag changes in grain tinctorial properties in ripening eosinophilic form of cells. Lymphoblasts were with vacuolated cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleoli without discolored cytoplasm. Rarely met when assessing the morphology of erythrocyte germ oxyphilic normocytes and reticulocytes, which characterizes the oppression of the final stages of erythropoiesis. The variability of megakaryocytes was combined with cells with nude nuclei , which confirm the active functionality of these forms in opisthorchiasis. Thus, in opisthorchiasis immature nuclei was found in the bone marrow cells in maturing, which lags by stages of maturation within 1-2 transitional forms, also the violation of tinctorial properties graininess in pseudo-eosinophilic granulocyte stages and megakaryocytes cytomorphology.