Many modern neurosciences are engaged in the study of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the human brain associated with its talent. The most popular method for studying the creative process is magnetic resonance imaging, which allows one to analyze the structures and neural networks of the brain during its work, but this method does not allow describing the fundamental foundations of neural processes. Describe the morphological features of the microscopic structure of the brain of talented people that underlie its work, possibly using cytoarchitectonic methods. The superior parietal cortex performs important integrative functions by influencing the network of cortical and subcortical structures involved in the processing of cognitive information, having extensive connections with the nearby areas of the cortex and the frontal region. It takes an active part in visual control of movements and analysis of space, in switching and maintaining attention and participates in memory processes, playing an important role in episodic memory, and also participates in the restoration of visual images and the processes associated with the memory of words. The aim of the study was to study the features of the cytoarchitectonic structure of the cortex of field 7 of the brain of an preeminent Soviet writer. The study was carried out on the complex of electronic-optical image analysis "DiaMorph" (Russia), histological sections of the brain of an preeminent Soviet writer and sections of 5 brains of usual men in the control group of the same age were studied. On sections stained with cresyl violet according to the Nissl method in the cortex of field 7, the area of ​​the profile field of neurons, the density of neurons, the density of neurons surrounded by satellite glia, the density of satellite glia and the density of common glia, as well as the thickness of the cortex and the thickness of its cytoarchitectonic layers were studied. As a result of the study, important differences in the values ​​of the studied characteristics of the cerebral cortex of the Soviet writer and the brain of men in the control group were revealed - a large value of the profile field of pyramidal neurons, a high density of neurons surrounded by satellite glia, and a high density of satellite gliocytes. The discovered features of the brain structure of a talented Soviet writer can be considered as morphological prerequisites for a person's giftedness.

Stress urinary incontinence is an urgent problem in modern urology. The main modern method of correcting this disease is surgical treatment and of the installation of a suburethral sling. This method is recognized as the gold standard in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, but there is a need for anatomical studies to improve the long-term effectiveness of the intervention and reduce the risk of postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to study the features of the variant anatomy of the neurovascular bundle of the female perineum in terms of the installation of a trans-obturator suburethral sling. The study was on 30 polymer method embalmed preparations of the female pelvis from the collection of the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. All samples belonged to Caucasians women of mature age. To determine the likelihood of damage to the vessels and nerves of the perineum during the trans-obturator suburethral sling, the distances from the supposed point of perforation of the obturator complex to the neurovascular structures visualized in this area were measured. The distance between the anatomical structures was measured with a caliper. During the study, it was found that three main branches of the perineal nerve extend to the anterior surface of the pelvis in the perineal region: the dorsal nerve of the clitoris, the posterior labial nerve and the perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. The branches of the perineal nerves — the posterior labial nerve and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris — have the greatest variability. The latter can be damaged when the trocar is carried medially from the middle third of the lower branch of the pubic bone. In this study, there was no evidence of significant anatomical variability of the internal genital artery, which indicates that, normally, with the standard implantation technique using the trocar rotation method around the inferior branch of the pubic bone, there is a minimal likelihood of massive bleeding. Thus, further studies of the variant anatomy of the female pelvis may contribute to the modification of the technique of implantation of the suburethral sling and the improvement of the clinical results of the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

The bonal palate is an anatomical structure that provides the strength of the force buttresses of the facial skull and allows the pressure created in the chewing apparatus to be evenly distributed across the gums. At the same time, its shape is interrelated with the configuration of the dentition and is closely involved in the formation of anomalies of the teeth-jaw system, and, first of all, the occlusion. The study of the relationship of various forms of the skull with the forms of the bony palate and the age-related dynamics of craniometric parameters at different ages is one of the important tasks facing clinicians and morphologists. The aim of the study was to study the age-related dynamics of craniometric parameters and options for combining the anatomical forms of the skull with the anatomical forms of the bony palate. Age parameters were studied on 120 skulls of people of different ages from the craniological collection of the fundamental museum of the Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Terminology of the Azerbaijan Medical University. A comprehensive study was carried out, the essence of which was to measure the craniometric and morphometric parameters of the skull and bony palate and to comparing evaluate them. The superscript of the face, the transverse-longitudinal index of the fornix and base of the skull, and the transverse-longitudinal index of the bony palate were studied. The original method was used to study the dimensions between non-standard points. The non-standard points were the inner edges of the maxillary alveolar ridge at the level of the upper canines, as well as at the level of the second premolars and molars. Analysis of the data obtained showed that age-related changes are not always detected in the parameters of the cranial vault. The coefficients of variation of the cranial width and upper face height were higher than those of the cranial length and zygomatic diameter. Mesocranes and mesobasillaries prevailed in all forms of the bony palate. Leptenes were more often combined with leptostaphily, and eurenas with brachistaphily. Eurenas are not found in leptostaphily, and leptens in brachistaphily. Compared to brachycrans, brachybasillaries were found to be more compatible with leptostaphily. The results of the study indicate the presence of a certain relationship between the shape of the skull and bony palate with age-related dynamics of craniometric parameters.

The age morphology of the skeletal system makes it possible to assess the most reliable indicators of chronological changes in the body. The modern objectives of age morphology are a more complete characterization of each age period of a person. The aim of the study is differences in the age and ethno-territorial aspect of the linear parameters of the length of the proximal phalanges and the width of their diaphysis in female peoples in Tajikistan and of Mumbai City (Western India) to develop regression equations and assessing the possibility of using them to predict the age of children and adolescents by the size of the proximal phalanges. We examined 323 radiographs of the right hand of female persons of Tajik nationality and of Mumbai City (Western India) 6-17 years old. The dependence of age on the length of the proximal phalanges and the width of their diaphysis was studied using paired linear regression analysis and correlation analysis. The length of the proximal phalanges of the hand of representatives of Tajikistan and Western India correlates with age with correlation coefficients greater than 0,75. For width, satisfactory correlation coefficients with age from 0,55 to 0,71 were obtained only for Tajik girls. For Indian girls, these ratios range from 0,39 to 0,55. One-dimensional linear regression models were constructed for predicting age along the length of the proximal phalanges with a coefficient of determination R2 greater than 0,6. In girls from Tajikistan, the lengths of II-IV proximal phalanges turned out to be good predictors, in representatives of Western India, the lengths of II-V phalanges. 18 significant differences in the length and width of the proximal phalanges were found between ethnic groups of the same age. Thus, the length of the proximal phalanges is a better predictor of age than the width. For both ethno-territorial groups, the most reliable predictor is the length of the third proximal phalanx. The linear parameters of the proximal phalanges increase unevenly with age, their intensive growth is observed mainly in the interval of 7-8 and 10-11 years. At the same time, at 6 years old, the width of the proximal phalanges of Tajik girls is less than that of Western Indian girls, and at 13-14 years old, the parameters of the proximal phalanges of Tajik girls exceeded those of Indian girls.

Dynamic observations of the physical development of children make it possible to ascertain shifts in its indicators due to positive or negative phenomena occurring in society and the environment. The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of growth processes based on indicators of physical development (body length and weight, chest and head circumference) in boys in early childhood. The surveyed group included 350 boys born in 2014–2016 living in Saint-Petersburg. Anthropometric data of body length and weight, chest and head circumferences were statistically processed by the parametric (sigma) method and the nonparametric (centile) method. An integral nonparametric assessment of anthropometric indicators made it possible to assess the growth tempo and harmony of the development of boys. 66-83% throughout the studied age period are boys of average growth tempo. The largest proportion of boys with an accelerated tempo of development was found at the age of one and a half years (26,8%) and at the end of early childhood at 2 years and 9 months (22,7%). The smallest group during early childhood are boys with a slower growth tempo (7-22%). To clarify the harmony of the development of boys in early childhood, with different tempo characteristics of growth, anthropometric profiles of each group were constructed. Boys with an average tempo characteristic of growth processes throughout the entire period of early childhood are distinguished by harmonious physical development. Boys with an accelerated tempo of development at the age of one and a half and two years show disharmonious development, total sizes exceed the average values ​​by 2σ. Boys with a delayed tempo of development in almost all control age points have disharmonious development, especially at 2 years and 2 years 6 months in terms of length, body weight and circumference of the chest and head below average values ​​by an average of 1,5σ. The data obtained testify to the unevenness of the growth and development tempos of the boys' bodies and begin to manifest themselves in early childhood. 

For an objective experimental and clinical assessment of the effect of retinol and its esters on erythrocytes, additional clarification of their possible reaction to excipients present in the oil solutions of these compounds is required. The aim of the study was a morphological densitometric analysis of erythrocytes in the blood of animals treated with an oil base solution of retinol palmitate. The study was carried out on 12 male Wistar rats weighing 120 grams, which for 10 days were injected through the mouth at 0.2 ml / day of an oil base containing rapeseed oil and antioxidants - butylhydroxytoluene and butylhydroxyanisole. The control group consisted of 12 intact rats. Using the hardware-software complex DiaMorph Cito (JSC «DiaMorph», Russia), in blood smears stained with Leishman's solution, the morphological densitometric parameters of erythrocytes (disciform cells) were measured, allowing to quantitatively evaluate their morphological and functional state in animals of the control and experimental groups. It was found that in rats that consumed an oil base, there were changes in the optical and some geometric parameters of erythrocytes. There was an increase in the integral optical density of the cytoplasm, as well as the curvature of the descending torus and the length of the disciform form cells profile. Since mature erythrocytes are deprived of the biosynthetic apparatus, an increase in the integral optical density of their cytoplasm under conditions of consumption of an oil base should be considered as the appearance in the blood of erythrocytes with a greater amount of hemoglobin than in intact animals. Such a reaction of erythron can presumably be considered as a result of the effect of the components of the oil base on the process of hemoglobin synthesis in erythroblasts of the red bone marrow. As a result of changes in the geometry of erythrocytes, their surface area and its ratio with the volume of cells increased. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the eating of the oil base used to prepare a solution of retinol palmitate causes a slight deformation of erythrocytes in terms of volume. The resulting changes in the optical and geometric parameters of erythrocytes presumably contribute to an increase in their gas transport and gas exchange functions.

The study of the structural and functional features of the thyroid gland is a subject of interest for both clinicians and representatives of fundamental medical science, which is associated with the prevalence of diseases of this organ. One of the causes of thyroid dysfunction is endothelial dysfunction caused by stress or exercise. Under the influence of muscular activity in the vascular bed of the thyroid gland, the lumen of the vessels expands, the basement membrane swells with dystrophic changes in endothelial cells, circulatory disorders of the type of perivenular and pericapillary hemorrhages, the degree of these changes is associated with the parameters of motor loads. One of the criteria for assessing vascular endothelial dysfunction can be the assessment of the activity of von Willebrand factor. There is no single point of view on the use of the plasma (system) or tissue (local) fraction of the factor to assess the state of the vascular bed. The aim of the study was to assess the state of the vascular bed of the thyroid gland in dogs with various types of motor activity using the immunohistochemical method for determining the intramural fraction of the von Willebrand factor. The objects of measurements were cross sections of different topographic zones of the central part of the right lobe of the organ in 16 control and 67 experimental male dogs, who received single and multiple muscular loads with dynamic control of heart rate. In all analyzed links of the vascular bed, a reaction with antibodies to the factor was detected in the endothelial layer, subendothelial space, and only in a few cases - in the muscular layer of the vessels. It was shown that physical activity influenced the expression of the factor of the vascular wall of the thyroid gland, while single training to a greater extent caused a multidirectional response of the arteries and veins in the center, whereas they by multiple trainings ones were localized in the microvasculature bed mainly in the periphery. When analyzing the results, it was shown that a more informative assessment criterion is not the absolute values ​​of the factor expression, depending on the type of vessels, but the ratio of the square of ​​the immunohistochemical reaction to the area of ​​the vessel wall, reflecting the selective activity of the endothelium and determined by the frequency and duration of loads.

Data on the anatomical variability of the foramen magnum and palatine canal are important for surgical interventions in the posterior part of the upper jaw, as well as for the blockade of the pterygopalatine ganglion with a surgical palatal approach. The aim of the study was to study the differences in the morphology of the foramen magnum and the palatine canal in persons of the first adulthood period. The object of the study was 261 people (the first adulthood period, of which 132 were women and 129 were men). On cone-beam computed tomograms, the number of large palatal openings, their shape, anteroposterior and medio-distal diameters, the length of the large palatal canal, its shape, its medio-distal and anteroposterior diameters in the upper, middle and lower thirds of the canal were determined. It was found that in persons of both sexes, the most common form of the large palatine opening was oval, elongated in the anteroposterior direction, drop-shaped, rounded; the least common - crescent, triangular, diamond-shaped, helical. The dimensional characteristics of the medio-distal and anteroposterior diameter of the large palatine foramen are greater in men than in women. In persons of both sexes, the most common crescent shape of the large palatine canal, less often - a zigzag canal and a funnel-shaped canal with a bend in the lower third. The length of the great palatine canal is longer in men than in women. The anteroposterior diameter of the large palatine canal is smaller in women than in men. The medio-distal diameters of the greater palatine canal are smaller in women than in men. As a result of the study, it was found that the greater palatine foramen and canal have pronounced sex differences. The revealed sex differences in the form, as well as in the morphometric parameters, are of great clinical importance in the procedures of premedication and anesthesia during surgical interventions on the maxillofacial region and in the clinic of facial neuralgia.

The development of infertility in male rats under the influence of high doses of ionized radiation is caused not only by direct damage to cells, but also by the block of differentiation and the induction of apoptosis of maturing spermatogonia. However, the literature data on the activity of biological mediators of the internal and external pathways of apoptosis after irradiation with beta particles, in particular, with different effective doses, are extremely limited. Objective: to study the molecular biological mechanisms of apoptosis in the seminiferous tubules of male rats after irradiation with electrons at a dose of 2 and 8 Gray. Male Wistar rats (220±20 g; 9-10 weeks; n=40) were divided into 3 groups: Ist - control (n=10); IInd — electron irradiation, dose 2 Gray (n=15); IIIrd - electron irradiation, dose 8 Gray (n=15). The expression of mRNA of caspases CASP8 and CASP9 was determined on sections of testes with a thickness of 8 μm using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was detected by the TUNEL method with the calculation of TUNEL-positive nuclei. On the 50th day after the start of the experiment, a significant number of apoptotic cells were found in the groups of rats subjected to ionizing radiation. The relative number of TUNEL-positive cells of spermatogenic epithelium in the 8 Gray group was 56±1,2% compared with the 2 Gray group - 37±0,9% (p<0,01). In the control group, 10±1,1% TUNEL-positive cells were recorded. In the 8 Gray group, the expression of CASP9 was higher than in the 2 Gray group (5,83±0,48 versus 4,1±0,41 (p<0,01). The expression of CASP8 was not statistically significant between the control and experimental groups. In our experimental study, we obtained data indicating a dose-dependent effect of beta radiation on the induction of apoptosis in the seminiferous tubules of rats. It was found that the predominant activation of apoptosis after exposure to beta particles is due to an internal pathway with excessive activation of caspase-9 and, in all likelihood, is associated with a violation of the integrity and function of mitochondria.

Currently, the question of the criteria for assessing the ultrasound size of the thyroid gland remains controversial in view of the variety of recommendations. It is known that the linear dimensions and volume of the thyroid gland are subject to individual fluctuations and are closely related to the anthropometric and clinical determinant. Knowledge of the volume of the thyroid gland is necessary to assess a number of pathological processes, such as iodine deficiency goiter, thyroiditis, multinodular goiter and thyroid cancer, as well as to assess the effectiveness of therapy and to determine the indications for the least possible treatment. The purpose of the review is to present the features of ultrasound examination in assessing the volume of the thyroid gland according to the data of domestic and foreign literature. The material for the study was the metadata of domestic and foreign scientific articles published in anatomical and clinical medical journals. The issues of anatomical variability of organs and systems in representatives of various somatic types are recognized by many authors, but up to now they need a detailed description. Analysis of the descriptions of the results of studies of the thyroid volume shows a significant variation between the smallest and largest values ​​of the volume. The total volume of the thyroid gland ranges from 6,26±2,89 cm³ to 18,6±4,50 cm³. The average volume of the thyroid gland in men is in the range from 6,03±2,22 cm³ to 19,6±4,7 cm³, in women from 5,62±2,14 cm³ to 17,5±4,2 cm³. The data presented in the review indicate that the linear dimensions and volume of the gland are subject to individual fluctuations and are closely dependent on factors such as gender, age and anthropometric parameters. Most authors determined the correlation between the thyroid volume and weight-height indicators, body surface area, body mass index, somatotype. It follows from the review that different indicators correspond to each geographic zone, taking into account its characteristics. Understanding and knowledge of the variability of ultrasound morphometric volume parameters is necessary for personalized treatment tactics for patients with thyroid pathology.

Jubilee article dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Head of the Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy of the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Professor Vladimir Nikolenko