Currently, spermogram parameters are routine criteria for assessing male fertility. There are two methods of semen analysis: traditional manual and automated. The concentration of spermatozoa of various motility categories is important in predicting physiological conception, as well as in choosing fertilization methods in assisted reproductive technology programs. The introduction of automatic semen analyzers has shown that their use can be considered as an alternative to the routine manual analysis method, which can contribute to laboratory standardization. Initially, these devices demonstrated difficulty in accurately indicating sperm concentration due to the presence of sperm aggregation and large amounts of cellular debris. In the present study, the main focus was on the analysis of sperm concentration by manual and automated methods. A total of 50 sperm samples were analyzed from patients participating in assisted reproductive technology programs. Manual analysis was performed in a Makler's chamber according to the standard method in 10 small squares. The motility of each spermatozoon was classified into categories. Automated analysis was carried out using the CASA sperm analyzer computer analysis system (MICROPTIC, Spain), which uses the principle of microscopic imaging and processing to detect motile and immobile spermatozoa through fast and consistent images. Statistical methods for independent variables were chosen to evaluate the obtained data. As part of the study, by the method of determining confidence intervals, a statistically significant difference was found between automated and standard or manual methods of analysis when evaluating spermatozoa with the highest speed of 0,025 mm/sec and rectilinear and translational movement, as well as with a lower speed, either aging or with broken morphology. Most likely, this is due to the objective difficulty of visual assessment of spermatozoa of such motility categories. The data obtained suggest that automated analysis has a higher degree of objectivity in assessing mobile biological objects, in particular male germ cells.

The dynamics of the frequency of otorhinolaryngological pathology, one of the main causes of which is the deformation of the nasal septum, among the child population has a positive growth trend and, according to some authors, is from 56 to 95% of all cases of treatment. Congenital deformities or developmental anomalies leading to deviation of the nasal septum in children, with untimely diagnosis, can lead to chronic inflammatory processes in the mucous membrane of the cavity and paranasal sinuses, which in turn cause a violation of the airway function of the upper respiratory tract and an increase in the development of infectious diseases. Diagnosis of such conditions in children under the age of six will prevent their consequences, as well as reduce the need for their surgical treatment - septoplasty. The purpose of the study is to establish morphometric patterns of development of nasal septum structures, to identify patterns of its development and the minimum necessary anatomical criteria for predicting and determining deviation in young children. We used the results of head studies using multispiral computed tomography in the multiplanar mode in children aged 0 to 4 years, 16 girls and 32 boys, a total of 48 patients. The linear dimensions of the nasal septum were measured, including the length, maximum length and height, as well as the angle of deviation. According to the results of the analysis, statistically significant correlations were revealed between the age of children and the linear parameters of the nasal septum, a positive dynamic of the increase in the size of the nasal septum by the age of 3-4 years was observed. Simultaneously with the growth of linear dimensions, a decrease in the angle of deviation of the nasal septum is observed; no statistically significant sex differences were found. The discovered phenomena are due to the rapid growth of the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum by the third year of life. The data obtained demonstrate the possibilities of computed tomography for assessing deviations in the development of the nasal septum in young children for early prevention and elimination of rhinopathy.

The formation of urgent and long-term adaptation of the organism under various modes of motor loads is provided by a change in the activity of the thyroid gland, the functional unit of which is the thyroid follicle. An accurate assessment of the morphological parameters of the follicles of different histotopographic zones of the thyroid gland provides the researcher with objective information about the state of the organ. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of single training, starting and limiting motor loads (treadmill running) on ​​the structural and histotopographic features of the thyroid gland follicles in dogs. On transverse sections of the right lobe of the thyroid gland of dogs, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, the area of ​​the follicles were measured. The measurements were carried out in various histotopographic zones of the gland (central, intermediate, peripheral), distinguished relative to its geometric center. Animals were studied in the control group (16 male dogs) and in the experiment (31 animals), in which, as a result of single motor loads, a different response was formed, manifested in structural and functional changes in the thyroid gland. The studies showed that muscle activity leads to the activation of the functional units of the organ - follicles. The transformation of the thyroid gland as a result of various durations of motor loads is manifested in the obligate involvement of the peripheral zone of the gland, a significant decrease in the area of ​​follicles, an increase in the number of functionally more active follicles of a small area, due to a decrease in the number of predominantly large and medium follicles, and changes in the colloid-epithelial areas ratio. Depending on the parameters of single dynamic motor loads, two ways of primary response of the gland were revealed: either due to a change in the number of follicles of different areas (large, medium, small), or due to a change in their ratio in the histotopographic zones of the organ (central, intermediate, peripheral). Modeling of various parameters of motor loads can be used to analyse its of the influence the structural reorganization of the thyroid gland in the experiment. The constant structural variability of the peripheral zone found in the present study may be associated with special conditions of blood supply from the gland capsule.

Military personnel are trained in conditions of intense physical activity. In the works of a number of authors, the presence of various kinds of deviations from normal physical development among students of civilian universities is noted. Persons with malnutrition, obesity of II-III degree are recognized by specialists of military medical commissions at the place of conscription of applicants for military universities as unfit for admission. The purpose of the study: to study the anthropometric parameters, body composition and physical development of male military universities applicants. The study involved 280 young men at the age of 17, permanently residing in the central area of Russia. Anthropometric data of body length, weight, torso length, limbs, torso girth dimensions were analyzed, Quetelet indices (body mass index), Pirquet (body proportionality index), Pigne (body strength index) were determined. With the help of indices and measurements of the component composition of the body, the characteristic of physical development was determined. As a result of the study, a sufficient variability of anthropometric indicators and body composition in the studied male applicants was revealed, which is due to heredity data and the influence of different living conditions before entering a military university. The values ​​of body length, chest circumference, body surface area were greater in urban applicants, body weight prevailed in rural boys. The Quetelet index corresponded to the norm in most of the studied, however, cases of moderate obesity were found in rural applicants. The Pirque index indicated a proportional physique in most applicants. According to the Pignet index, most of the rural and urban boys had a strong physique. The data of the component composition of the body (the level of fat, muscle and bone mass) confirmed the revealed indicators of the physical development of young men. Significant differences in physical development according to anthropometry and body composition data between youth applicants from urban and rural areas were not identified. The data obtained can be used as a regulatory framework for assessing the quality of the general health of those entering military universities and developing recommendations for the selection of cadets.

The bioimpedancemetry has long been used to determine some blood parameters used in laboratory diagnostics. Due to the specificity of blood as a liquid disperse substance, its electrical conductivity is directly related to the relative volume of the non-conductive phase, that is, erythrocytes, and therefore, the bioimpedancemetry method is used to determine hematocrit. The ambiguity of the results in determining the frequencies corresponding to the achievement of the limiting value of the high-frequency electrical conductivity of the blood, as well as the patterns that connect the high-frequency electrical conductivity of the blood with the electrical conductivity of the plasma and erythrocytes, demonstrate the urgent need for additional research. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the frequency dependence of the blood bioimpedance modulus with the values of hematocrit and blood plasma bioimpedance modulus in order to establish the capabilities of the blood bioimpedancemetry method as a whole. The frequency dependence of its bioimpedance was determined on 16 blood samples from healthy donors. For each blood sample, the frequency dependence of the bioimpedance of whole blood was taken, then the plasma formed after erythrocyte sedimentation in a vertically installed test tube. The impedance modulus was measured in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 megahertz. The optimal frequency of 5 megahertz was determined, at which the limiting high-frequency value of blood electrical conductivity is reached, which makes it possible to determine the electrical conductivity of the erythrocyte cytoplasm. An expression is obtained for high-frequency electrical conductivity as a function of the electrical conductivity of plasma, cytoplasm and relative hematocrit. It is shown that the measurement of low-frequency (up to 100 kilohertz) and high-frequency values of blood electrical conductivity, as well as plasma electrical conductivity, also makes it possible to determine the hematocrit and the electrical conductivity of the erythrocyte cytoplasm. An equation was obtained that relates the hematocrit index to the ratio of high-frequency and low-frequency values of blood electrical conductivity, which makes it possible to determine the true hematocrit of human blood in vitro. Thus, the measurement of low-frequency and high-frequency electrical conductivity of blood and the measurement of electrical conductivity of plasma make it possible to determine not only the hematocrit index, but also the electrical conductivity of the cytoplasm of cells in one blood sample. The work proves the practical possibility of determining the complex of electrophysical parameters of a native blood sample while maintaining their real values.

Under conditions of hypoxia, a change in the morphological and functional state of the components of the microvasculature bed will be accompanied by a change in the adequacy and usefulness of the immune response and hematopoiesis. The purpose of the study was to determine the morphofunctional state of the vascular component of the red bone marrow and spleen at various times of simulated hypoxia and to identify the degree of influence of CD68-positive cells on this state. Chronic hypoxia was modeled on 246 outbred male rats using special chambers containing natural gas from the Astrakhan gas field (Russia) at a concentration not exceeding the maximum allowable. The experiment was continued for 120 days, inhalation was carried out five days a week for four hours a day, the removal of animals from the experiment was carried out every 30 days. The functional activity of the vascular component of the red bone marrow was determined using the method of laser Doppler flowmetry. The degree of expression of inducible (iNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) NO synthases and the distribution of CD68-positive cells in the spleen structures were determined by immunohistochemical method. The study showed that as the duration of chronic simulated hypoxia increases, there is a decrease in the microcirculation index, an increase in myogenic tone and shunting index, which, taken together, indicates a deterioration of organ perfusion and confirms the formation of a hypoxic state. An analysis of the functional activity, carried out using an immunohistochemical study of the expression of iNOS and eNOS in the structures of the spleen, showed that as the duration of the experiment increased, the level of endothelial synthase decreased and the level of inducible synthase increased. Perhaps this is due to the influence of biologically active substances secreted by macrophages activated during hypoxia. This is supported by an increase in the presence of CD68-positive cells in the red pulp and along the connective tissue trabeculae as the experimental exposure increases.

The problems of pathological diagnosis of recurrent miscarriage are relevant in modern reproductive medicine. One of the important molecular markers of endometrium is the progesterone-induced blocking factor, which is induced by progesterone under the influence of activated lymphocytes and has an immunomodulatory effect on the implantation characteristics of the endometrium. In the process of trophoblast invasion, a special role is also played stromal cell factor molecules synthesized by endometrial and trophoblast cells, as a mechanism that potentiates the susceptibility of the endometrium to the onset and development of pregnancy, trophoblast invasion and embryogenesis in general. The purpose of the study was the histological and immunohistochemical features of the transformation of the endometrium in recurrent miscarriage. It were studied 100 samples of endometrium in case of non-developing pregnancy at a development period of 5-8 weeks, 85 samples in habitual miscarriage and 15 samples in pregnancy interrupted surgically at the request of the woman. The presence of 2 non-developing pregnancies was verified in 57 cases (67,1%), the presence of 3 non-developing pregnancies in 28 cases (32,9%). A histological examination of the abortion material stained with hematoxylin and eosin was performed to verify the morphological transformation of the endometrium. Immunohistochemical study included detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors, stromal cell factor (SDF1), progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF). The results of histological and immunohistochemical studies showed that with a complete morphological transformation of the endometrium in the group of patients with habitual miscarriage, there is a violation of the receptor profile. The decrease in PIBF expression in the glands and the stromal component and the expression of SDF1 in the glands of the compact layer of the endometrium is a reflection of the immunological imbalance in the endometrium in recurrent miscarriage. The development of a unified morphological algorithm, taking into account the basic indicators of the processes of transformation of the endometrium with an assessment of its receptor profile and diagnostically significant immunological factors, makes it possible to verify the pathology of the endometrium at the molecular level and justify the need for using pathogenetically substantiated therapy at recurrent miscarriage.

Dermal fibroblast cell culture is a convenient model for studying various effects on cells, including hypoxia. Fibroblasts, in addition to collagen production, are able to synthesize biogenic amines, hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters identical to those in the central nervous and endocrine systems, which allows them to be used to study cellular disorders in various diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the functional changes in the culture of dermal fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions using biochemical and molecular biological methods. In cells of fibroblast culture under normoxia (air and 5% CO₂ in an incubator) and hypoxic exposure (a mixture of gases - 95% N₂ and 5% CO₂) at 1 and 3 hours, biochemical methods were used to determine the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose levels, concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, as well as the level of mRNA expression of the hypoxia-induced factor Hif-1a and the nuclear factor Nf-κb by polymerase chain reaction. It was shown that under hypoxic exposure at 1 hour in fibroblast culture, cell viability, glucose levels and activity of LDH, AlAT, AsAT decrease, the amount of ATP decreases, after 3 hours there is a tendency to normalize all indicators. Adaptive mechanisms make it possible to normalize the functioning of cells under hypoxic conditions from 1 to 3 hours. The results obtained in the evaluation of metabolic changes at different times of hypoxic exposure (1 and 3 hours) in the culture of rat fibroblasts indicate a high adaptive capacity of connective tissue cells - fibroblasts at a lack of oxygen. The study of intracellular parameters during hypoxia, the determination of critical points depending on the time of exposure will determine the directions for further study of the mechanisms of cell adaptation, which, perhaps, will complement the tactics of compensatory effects in ischemia of tissues of various genesis. The revealed changes reflect the adaptive response of the fibroblast culture in response to hypoxic exposure.

Physical development is one of the leading components of the health of each individual and people in general. In modern literary sources, there is more and more information about the deterioration of physical health and the decrease of this indicator of the young population of modern Russia, therefore, when assessing it, it is necessary to consider the body as a whole, taking into account its somatotype and component composition. In the Altai District there are practically no data on somatotyping of various age groups of the population. The purpose of this study is the component composition of the body of adolescents and young men living in the Altai District, to determine the frequency of their constitution types. The study involved 1086 males of a homogeneous ethno-territorial group, permanently residing in the Altai District, aged 13 to 20 years. The subjects were divided into three age groups: 13-14 years old, 15-17 years old and 18-20 years old. In each age group standard anthropometric measurements and a quantitative study of the main components of body mass were carried out. Body type (somatotype) was determined on the basis of the percentage of longitudinal and transverse body dimensions to standing height according by the Chernorutsky method using the Pinier index. It has been established that starting from the age of 15 there is a decrease in the average value of the proportion of the fat component of body mass with a simultaneous increase in muscle. According to constitutional features, the majority of 13–16-year-old examined adolescents ang young men have a normosthenic body type. By the age of 17, there is a predominance of asthenics over hypersthenics. At this age, fat mass decreases, which is probably associated with possible social stresses. In parallel with a decrease in fat mass, an increase in muscle mass is noted, up to the age of 20, however, at the age of 20, an increase in the fat component was detected. It is concluded that the majority of adolescents and young men in the Altay District have a normosthenic body type, which is characterized by average anthropometric indicators.

The morphometric parameters of the head of the radial bone are relevant for the manufacture of its prostheses, often in the relevant literature only average sizes are given without taking into account the individual characteristics of their ratios. With insufficiently accurate selection of the sizes of the used prosthesis of the head of the radius, complications arise. To prevent the development of complications, the size of the implant must exactly match the anatomical shape and size of the proximal epiphysis of the radius and the articular surfaces of the ulna and humerus. The purpose of the study is to systematize the data presented in the scientific literature on the anatomical shape, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the head of the human radius for their possible use in the manufacture of prostheses of the radius. The materials and methods of the study consisted in searching for articles and scientific literature in various databases, using the following keywords in Russian and English: elbow joint, radius, head, neck, prosthetics. As a result of the analysis of the literature, it was found that in the study of the elbow joint and the proximal radius, only a few of them are generally accepted indicators used in both anthropometric and clinical studies. The analysis of the literature showed that when characterizing the elbow joint and the proximal radius, the generally accepted indicators used in both anthropometric and clinical studies are three parameters: the maximum and minimum diameters of the head of the radius and the depth of the articular fossa. However, for a more accurate description of the proximal radius, in our opinion, it is necessary to take into account the length of the tuberosity of the radius, the width of the tuberosity of the radius, the sagittal diameter in the area of the tuberosity, the distance between the head and the tuberosity, the width of the head, the depth of the articular fossa, the frontal diameter of the neck, the circumference heads, head diameter in two mutually perpendicular planes, neck circumference, head height in four mutually perpendicular points.

The content of the article is a verbatim report of the speech under Title «100 years of Russian anatomy (on the anniversary of the founding of the Scientific Society of Anatomists)», included in the scientific program of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with international participation «Morphological Aspects in Practical Medicine and Biology», dedicated to the 65th Anniversary of the Department of Human Anatomy of the Medical Institute of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University as part of the annual XIII National Congress with international participation «Ecology and Human Health in the North», which took place in Yakutsk City (Russia, Sakha Republic) on December 8, 2022. The congress was also dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the formation of the former Yakut Soviet Socialist Republic of USSR and the 65th Anniversary of medical education in Yakut Republic. In the report dedicated to the Anniversary of the founding of the first professional scientific community of anatomists, histologists and embryologists in the history of the Russian state - the All-Union Society of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists (later - the All-Union Scientific Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists - AUSSAHE), which took place from December 15 to 21 1922 in Petrograd (later - Leningrad and renamed Saint-Petersburg) provides information about the initiators of the convocation of the meeting, its preparation and conduct, the content of the work and key reports of anatomists presented at the meeting. The meeting was initiated by a prominent Russian zoologist, specialist in animal morphology, Doctor of Zoology, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector of Petrograd State University Vladimir Shimkevich, as well as the famous Russian Histologist, Professor Alexander Dogiel - the Founder of the Russian scientific journal «Archive of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology», Professors Vladimir Tonkov, Konstantin Deryugin, Nikolay Koltsov and others. Founded in 1922 at the I All-Russian meeting, the All-Russian Society of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists was at its IV All-Union meeting in 1930 renamed into the All-Union Scientific Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Zoologists, and then, at the V meeting in 1949 - into the All-Union scientific society of anatomists, histologists and embryologists or AUSMSAHE. AUSMSAHE in September 1991 at its last XI meeting in Minsk ceased to exist.The author noted the anatomical reports of the meeting, which laid the foundation for the entire subsequent development of Russian anatomy as a science and the problems of its current state.

Comparing and establishing the ability to think between different organisms and the weight of their brains is a difficult task. Some studies have reported attempts to draw cross-species correlations between brain size and cognitive abilities, but no unambiguous data have been obtained. The purpose of this study was analysis of changings of the weight of the brain of animals and the cytoarchitectonic organization of its cortical formations in a comparative anatomical series. Brain preparations from the collection of the Laboratory of Cytoarchitectonics and Brain Evolution of the Institute of the Brain of the Scientific Center of Neurology were studied. The brain weight of 401 mammals was studied. The material was taken within 24 hours after the death of the animal, the brain was fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, and photographed. Separate areas of the brain were cut in the frontal plane for microscopic examination. The section thickness was 20 µm, the preparations were stained with cresyl-violet according to the Nissl method. In the comparative anatomical series, the development and complication of the structural organization of the brain of animals is noted, which manifests itself primarily in the differentiation of the new cortex into separate cytoarchitectonic areas and cortical fields. As a result of the study, it was found that the brain of rodents has a more primitive structure, and in carnivores, in comparison with the brain of rodents, well-defined large arcuate grooves and convolutions are determined, the structure of the new cortex is more complex. The cortical formations of the brain of carnivores are represented by the main areas. There are significant features in the structure of the cortical formations of the brain of primates. The brain of monkeys is clearly divided into separate regions, and the regions into separate cortical fields, all cytoarchitectonic layers are clearly distinguished. In general, the study showed that in the comparative anatomical series, the weight of the brain of animals increases, while the decisive role in the formation and complication of cognitive functions, apparently, is played by the complication of the structural organization of the cortical formations of the brain, its differentiation into separate areas, fields and subfields, as well as changes in their neural composition.