Reticular theory of the nervous system presupposes the electrical and tinctorial interrelation of neurons in the nervous system with the help of syncytial bridges in the brain and ganglion network formations. This means that the impulses spread in all directions along the path of the nervous branches. The neuronal theory presupposes complete cytoplasmic isolation of adjacent neurons. The basic position of the neural doctrine provides for a successive transition of the nerve impulse in one direction from one neuron to another, along a reflex arc. This «law of dynamic polarization» was formulated simultaneously in 1891 by two great neurohistologists Ramon y Cajal and Van Gehuchten. Later, this law seemed to be brilliantly confirmed by the discovery of mediator synapses using electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of chemical synapses allowed us to consider Cajal's neuronal theory as the only true and absolutely proven one. Neuronal theory confidently entered in the all textbooks and neurology manuals, and the theory of reticularism was recognized as erroneous and incorrect. However, at the end of the last century the situation changed to the opposite. Inter-neuronal syncytial communication and electrical synapses were discovered, the function of which is performed by means of gap junction. Reticular theory was given the right to scientific experimental confirmation. An important role in the proof of reticularism was played by the discovery of the propagation of a nerve impulse along the fiber in both directions, made for the first time by Alexander Babukhin and confirmed by C.S. Sherrington. In the article is describe the history of the finding of bidirectional electric current in experiments on electrical organs of fish and the experimental study of the morphological basis for the possibility of electric transfer of impulses in the peripheral autonomic nerve plexuses. It is shown that gap junctions are constantly found in plexuses of autonomous nervous system both in norm and under hypoxia. Thus, early studies of Alexander Babukhin on the possibility of bidirectional movement of nerve impulses were confirmed by morphological studies of the supporters of the reticular theory of Camillo Golgi on the inter-neuron non-mediator connection of neurons in vegetative plexuses. The discovery of electrical synapses opened up new ideas about the organization and functioning of the entire nervous system.

The correct diagnosis of allergic diseases can be made only after a comprehensive examination. One of the important diagnostic criteria confirming the presence of allergic pathology of the upper respiratory tract is an indication of the presence of eosinophils in the nasal secretion and in a clinical blood analysis. However, these indicators must also be supported by clinical and morphological criteria. The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative clinic-morphological evaluation of various forms of rhinitis in patients using a set of research methods and to give recommendations on differential diagnosis of rhinitis for the optimal methods of their treatment and prevention. The authors used epidemiological, clinical, cytological and morphological methods for studying allergic rhinitis and other forms of rhinitis in patients of different age groups. The results of the study showed that different forms of rhinitis have characteristically morphological features that are revealed at the light-optical and ultrastructural levels. The obtained results on the dynamics of the pathologic process demonstrate disturbances in the metabolism and dysregulation of the cellular humoral mechanisms, which in turn affects the severity of patient complaints and the state of immunity factors in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. This should be taken into account in the clinic when treating of patients.

With the use of histological, morphometric and immunohistochemically methods, it is established that the age transformations of the tissue structure of the thymus are characterized by the development of fibrous connective and adipose tissue in cortical partitions, which leads to fragmentation of the cortex, and then to the disjunction of fragments of the cortical substance and the marrow substance. The greatest progression of the processes of involution in the thymus is noted during the second mature age period from 36 to 60 years. In old and elderly people remain small islands of parenchyma without differentiation into cortical and brain matter, surrounded by fat tissue. In the process of age-related involution, the lymphocyte count decreases, their mitotic activity decreases, and the proportion of cells capable of proliferation decreases, both in cortical and in brain substance. This, apparently, is due to both a lack of inflow into the thymus of the marrow progenitors, and a decrease in the number of epithelial reticular cells creating a microenvironment for T-lymphocytes. Age changes are accompanied by a decrease in the number of thymic bodies, among which the share of mature forms increases. In the thymus of people of the senile age, thymic bodies are not found. The rate of processes of age involution is individual and varies widely, which is consistent with the life expectancy of people.

The branching of the splenic artery, as well as the place of its separation, is due to the development of the spleen itself, as well as close topographical connections and functional load of neighboring organs (liver, stomach, pancreas). The aim of the study was to determine the variant diversion of the splenic artery from the celiac trunk in patients with various pathologies of the upper abdominal organs by means of medical imaging using computer simulation. The anatomical study is based on an analysis of the results of 42 studies using the method of multi-spiral computed tomography with the introduction of a contrast agent. The scope of surgical intervention is determined by the nature of the pathological process and depends on the complexity of the vascular-organ relationships, which affects the timing of its conduct and outcome. Fundamental morphological studies of branches of the abdominal aorta based on the method of visualization «Anatomy in silico» are important for abdominal and vascular surgery. The database for the 3D atlas used in the educational process and the virtual surgical clinic, organized on the basis of the Department of operative surgery and clinical anatomy and technology innovation Samara state medical university.

Adenoid vegetations are among the most common pathology of the upper respiratory tract in children. According to some authors, adenoids can occur in the adult population, causing a number of clinically significant symptoms. It is known that intraoperative bleeding in adenotomy in the adult contingent of patients is more pronounced in comparison with patients of child age. Thus, knowledge of the age-specific features of the vascular organization of adenoid tissue is necessary for the development and improvement of sparing methods of surgical treatment of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. The authors examined 96 patients (n = 96), which were divided into 4 groups: 1 group - patients from 7 to 12 years (n = 25); Group 2 - patients from 12 to 15 years (n = 25); Group 3 - patients from 15 to 18 years (n = 25); Group 4 - patients from 18 to 42 years (n = 21). 58 patients were male (60%) and 38 - female (40%). As a result of histological examination of the adenoid tissue, characteristic changes in the vessels of the adenoid tissue in each age group were revealed, which are most pronounced at the age of 15-18 years. There is a development of sclerosis and hyalinosis of the walls of the vessels with the formation of cavernously enlarged full-blood veins with thickened rigid walls. In patients older than 18 years, the morphological reorganization of the connective tissue (basal) layer is observed, manifested by immersion of the lymphoid tissue with a well developed microcirculatory bed, which can explain the pronounced intraoperative bleeding in adenotomy. Thus, the results of the histological examination can serve as one of the indications for the application of electrophysical methods of adenotomy in patients older than 15 years.

Immunohistochemically features of postnatal induced lymph nodes in comparison with sentinel and native lymph nodes in the experiment were studied. For the postnatal formation of lymph nodes, an experiment was performed on 25 white male rats of the Wistar line. The first group of animals (15 rats) was treated with sarcoma M1, the second group consisted of intact animals (10 rats). In the experiment, the possibility of reproducing postnatal induction of neolymphogenesis in tumor growth was demonstrated in the model of sarcoma M1. The study demonstrated a high level of antigen stimulation of T and B lymphocytes in postnatal induced lymph nodes and showed the possible role of macrophage cells in stimulating neolymphogenesis and the formation of new lymph nodes.

In this paper we analyze some specific features in the femoral bone structure in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). By application of some original research method of converting linear dimension measurements of femur anatomical structure into relative variables with their further analysis by nonparametric statistics methods and correlation analysis in order to build correlation pleiades we revealed systematic asymmetry in the canine femur. In our research we ascertained that the transverse dimension parameters of the proximal epiphysis prevail over the corresponding parameters in the distal epiphysis. As it appeared, there is a definite trend of transverse parameters predominance in the femoral head over its upper - lower parameters. The factor analysis by the principal components allowed us to reveal the asymmetric impact of some unknown factors on the homologous structure of the animal femur. Our research made an attempt to identify the factors that ensure that equivalent impact on the condyles parameters and the front length of the femur neck regardless of the limb lateralization. While, Spearman's rank correlation analysis with regard to different sides of the body displayed the correlations present in both cases, within the right and the left femur groups. Besides, the pronounced asymmetry in correlations spectrum was also established.

The aim of this study was to determine the types of the concomitant variability of pterygomaxillary fissure and of the shape of the facial skull. The material included 156 passported skulls of adults (21-90 years) from scientific cranial collection of the museum of the human anatomy department at Saratov State Medical University (Saratov, Russia). Craniometric studies were carried out by means of method with using of the dividers for measuring transverse dimensions with a millimeter scale and by technical calipers. Linear sizes of pterygomaxillary fissure and facial skull were examined. It was revealed that typical variability of pterygomaxillary fissure depended on sexual identity and side position of the fissure in a skull. Correlations of facial skull shapes were peculiar to each type of pterygomaxillary fissure. Middle and thin-faced skulls conjoin with narrow-high and middle types of the pterygomaxillary fissure; middle and broad-faced skulls conjoin with widely-low type of fissure.

It was studied spontaneous and induced migration activity of monocytes of peripheral blood of the offspring of female rats with experimental chronic liver injury of various genesis in the neonatal period, as well as their ability for adhesion and spreading. It is established that in experimental animals are the inhibition of both spontaneous and induced migratory activity of monocytes. Along with this, showed a reduction in the ability of monocytes in experimental rats for the adhesion and spreading.

The localization of indole-containing substances and their impact on bone marrow structure was studied. Experiments were carried out on male mice which were intravenously injected with bone marrow taken from guinea pigs. Using the Masson-Fountains method in the early stages after heterografting it was observed that there was an increase in indole-containing substances content in mast, granule cells, in erythroid cells and megakaryocytes. By the end of the experiment mast and granule cells were not identified; these substances were detected in a few isolated granules. Formation of adipose cells, which were intensively impregnated by indole-containing substances took place. Replacement of bone marrow structures by lipocytes was observed. Processes of cells proliferation in the bone marrow were interrupted.

The aim of the study is to establish the patterns of age-related dynamics of numbers and forms of lingual salivary glands in humans. The article presents data on the structure of lingual glands, in particular, on the number of glands that have one and many initial divisions. The total preparations of the salivary glands of the tongue (149 men and 150 women from 0 to 96 years old) electrically stained in a 0,5% solution of acetic acid with 0,05% methylene blue solution were studied by a macroscopic method. According to the results of the study, it is established that there are strong, highly reliable statistical correlations between the number and forms of lingual salivary glands with age. The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of the functional anatomy of the language.

The study shows that the idea of the morphological perfection of form and completeness from the point of view of the morphogenesis of different types of skin ridge patterns of the distal phalanges of the fingers of the human hand does not correspond to general biological regularities established for anthropometric traits. It is shown that the average value of the linear correlation coefficients of the morphometric indices of the skin ridge patterns of the distal finger phalanges is the smallest for patterns of the ulnar loop type (0,42±0,22; M±o), and the largest for the radial loop type (0,49±0,19; M±o). The necessity of interpretation of the obtained data is substantiated taking into account the correlation of the morphological indices of the distal phalanges, which are the substratum of the patterns.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparative characteristic of the pterygomaxillary fissure in adults. The craniometrical and photometric methods of investigation were used. It was found that in I mature age the height of the pterygomaxillary fissure on the left side of the skull is larger in male than in female. The comparative analysis showed the significant prevalence of the width of the pterygomaxillary fissure on both sides of the skull in male of I, II mature age and old age in comparison with the female of the same age. The bilateral and age differences of the pterygomaxillary fissure were also revealed.

Traditional methods for detecting intraorganic lymph vessels give rise to numerous artifacts associated with gross deformation of the valves and irreversible damage to endothelial trabecular structures. The purpose of the work was to provide information on the structural organization of the valves of the initial lymphatic vessels. The object of investigation is the intestinal wall of sexually mature non-native cats (n=5) and dogs (n=3). As a method of investigation, a universal method of elective detection of arihydrophilic structures was used. As a result of the study, it was established that the valves of the initial lymphatic microvessels have complex fixing structures that prevent their prolapse and the development of functional deficiency with retrograde lymph flow. The mechanisms of contractile activity of the non-muscle lymphatic capillaries capable of changing their lumen due to the perithelium, trabeculae of the endolymphatic system, and sling filaments are discussed.

56 people of different sex of the average middle age 42±4,3 years were studied. For in vivo study of superficial lymphatic vessels applied fluorescent lymphrography using fluorescein sodium and lamp with a blue spectrum of radiation. Three groups of collector lymphatic vessels was detected according to fluorescent lymphography of the lover limbs and quantitative assessment of their was performed. The results of the study allow to confirm the possibility of application, simplicity, accessibility and safety of fluorescent lymphography for visualization of the lymphatic system of the lower limbs. This method helps to assess the features of the vital anatomical and functional state of the superficial lymphatic system of the lower limbs.

Information message about the agenda and the content of events of the annual meeting of the European Federation of Experimental Morphology EFEM-2017, which held on March 4, 2017 at the Department of Anatomy of the Medical Faculty of the University of Paris Rene Descartes (Paris, France).

Information message on the agenda and the content of events of the scientific-practical conference "The experience of the teaching of disciplines of Anatomy and Pathology on English Language" dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the education of the Medical Institute and the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Mordovian State University name of NP Ogarev that took place on April 17, 2017.