One of the notable events of recent years in the field of homeland human morphology was the unification of the research areas of two sciences - medical anatomy and physical or biological anthropology, which are far from fully consistent with each other, have different histories and different conceptual and methodological bases - into one scientific specialty. Despite this, the research areas of both sciences also have much in common. The future of their research field, the development of the united scientific specialty and, accordingly, the development of morphological research in our country as a whole depend on how this common will determine their unification, what it will be filled with in content. The main goal of the article is to analyze the reasons for the continuing low efficiency of numerous and large-scale anthropometric studies on body typology, carried out by medical anatomists in the country over the past two decades. This thesis is far from new and its relevance and urgency was especially emphasized by the author six years ago at the eighth congress of the Russian national anatomical society (SMSAHE) in the plenary report. Until now, these studies have not brought the expected effect either in the field of the reliable factual basis of theoretical concepts of human morphology, or in scientific or clinical practice. The conceptual basis of this kind of research is the doctrine of the constitution, the limitations, deficiency and incompleteness of which are now clearly and directly indicated even in the relevant methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russia, and not only in scientific articles, does not allow the authors of such studies to obtain results that are significantly important for science and practice. Moreover, they are mostly unknown or little known to physical anthropologists, who at the same time are simultaneously conducting similar studies on much smaller but carefully selected groups and populations with the more substantiated conclusions. It has been shown that the bias of anthropometric studies by medical anatomists towards human body typing schemes based on the analysis of its component composition or mixed schemes does not meet the goals and objectives of medical anatomy, which is called upon to solve problems of individual variability of organs and systems on a different basis. The practical recommendations of these studies contained in anatomical dissertations do not and will not meet the real needs of the clinic. In order for the indicated point of intersection of the research field of medical anatomy and physical anthropology - human body typology, which has now accumulated a huge amount of data on a variety of ethno-territorial, age and other criteria groups of the population, to finally bring real practical benefit, analytics of a fundamentally new information level and new conceptual approaches are needed. Without such an appropriately methodologically substantiated analysis, no matter from what position it is undertaken, the information obtained in a huge number of dissertational (and not only) studies will remain in the form of numerous ascertaining digital databases, reflecting only the effect of the phenomenon of «medicalization» of anthropometric evidence.

The human face plays an important role in the process of interpersonal communication and is the object of research by specialists in various fields, including anatomists and anthropologists. Currently, significant experience has been accumulated in studying the morphometric parameters of the face of different population groups, however, there is no information in the literature on the bilateral dimorphism of these parameters in the upper and middle parts of the face depending on the shape of the skull and the shape of the face itself. The purpose of the study is to determine the limits of variability of differences (asymmetry) in the morphometric parameters of the contralateral halves of the upper and middle parts of the face of young men in the frontal norm depending on the anatomical shape of their skull and face. The study involved 140 young men whose average age was 19.1 ± 0.7 years. After determining the shape of the skull and the shape of the face of the young men, photogrammetry of similar parameters of the upper and middle parts of the face in the frontal norm was performed. To determine the morphometric parameters, the following cephalometric points were used: trichion (tr), glabella (gl), nasion (n), subnasale (sn), zygion (zy), exocanthion (ex), endocanthion (en), pupilla (p), alare (al), as well as points p1 and p2, located at the intersection of the horizontal line with the facial contour drawn through the subnasale point. When comparing similar facial dimensions, the difference ("diff") between their average values ​​was determined. According to the obtained results, in dolichocephalic young men (n=45) statistically significant differences were noted when comparing the distances gl-zy on the left and right (respectively 76.5±3.72 mm and 78.5±4.15 mm, diff=–2.02 mm; p=0.017), gl-р2 and gl-р1 (respectively 91.8±4.72 mm and 93.9±5.04 mm, diff=–2.06 mm, p=0.049), as well as n-zy and n-zy_dext (respectively 71.2±3.54 mm and 73.7±3.92 mm, diff=–2.55 mm, p=0.002). Similar results were obtained when studying other groups of young men. The results of the study of the morphometric parameters of the upper and middle parts of the face of young men in the frontal norm demonstrate the predominance of the values ​​of the sizes of the right half of the face over similar parameters of its left half. At the same time, these differences do not depend on the shape of the skull and the shape of the face.

There is evidence that confirms the relationship between testicular size asymmetry and their functional activity, susceptibility to development of certain pathological processes in them, and the degree of testicular asymmetry is also a diagnostic criterion for some pathological conditions in the body. The objective was to determine patterns of bilateral variability of orchidometry parameters in adult men using direct instrumental methods. The material for the study was measurements of orchidometry parameters of 217 autopsy cases of male corpses aged 19-88 years. The study did not include autopsies that revealed signs of liver disease, malignant neoplasms, HIV infection, diseases of the testicles and their membranes. Autopsies were performed within the first two days after death. To measure the linear dimensions of the testicle, an electronic caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and scales with an accuracy of 0.001 g were used, the volume was measured by water displacement in a measuring cylinder with an accuracy of 0.1 ml. As a result of the study, relative and absolute indices of bilateral variability in the parameters of testicle length, width, thickness, weight, volume and density were established. The greatest differences in the structure of bilateral organization were obtained for the parameter of testicle length: on the right it is greater than on the left (R>L) in 63.1±3.0% of cases; on the left it is greater than on the right (L>R) in 23.0±2.9% of cases; there were 13.8±2.3% of bilaterally identical values (R=L), the smallest differences were obtained for testicle thickness. The weight of the testicles on the right is greater than on the left (R> L) in 69.6±3.1% of cases; on the left it is greater than on the right (L>R) in 30.4±3.1% of cases. The volume of the testicles on the right is greater than on the left (R>L) in 58.5±3.3% of cases; on the left it is greater than on the right (L>R) in 17.0±2.6% of cases; The percentage of bilaterally identical values (R=L) was 24.4±2.9%. As a result of the study, average values of bilateral differences in testicular sizes were also established, which can be used to determine deviations from the norm during clinical examination of patients, forensic and pathological autopsies.

Standard thoracotomy is more effective in terms of preventing relapses of pleural and lungs diseases and its experimental modeling remains quite relevant. The aim of the study was the pathomorphological assessment of the results of the experimental method of laser pleurodesis in rats when modeling surgical intervention in the volume of atypical lung resection for bullous emphysema. The experiments were carried out on 80 white male rats of the «Standard» breed, weighing 200±50 g. All experimental animals were divided into two groups of 40 rats each. The first group included experimental animals that underwent laser pleurodesis of the parietal pleura. The second group included animals that underwent laser pleurodesis of both the visceral and parietal pleura. Pleurodesis was performed using a solid-state infrared laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and an experimentally selected optimal power of 7-8 W. The preparations of the pleurodesis areas of the rats taken out of the experiment were fixed in 12% formalin for histological examination, and standard paraffin sections were prepared. Sections 6 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess the overall histological picture. The study revealed that loose connective tissue adhesions were formed in the pleural cavities of both groups of laboratory animals. According to the histological examination of the preparations of the first group of animals, the fact of adhesion of the visceral and parietal pleura can be stated only in local areas of exposure. In the second group of animals, the inflammatory process in the pleurodesis areas was more pronounced and, in addition to the pleural sheets, the lung tissue was involved in the process, due to which, probably, better adhesion was achieved after the completion of the formation of adhesive coarse and dense bundles of connective tissue. In the second case, denser and more extensive sclerosis of the adhesive areas of the pleura is also achieved.

The use of factor analysis in constructing mathematical models allows us to identify hidden relationships between the variables under study. The structural organization of the thyroid gland is characterized by histological and topographic features of the relationship between the functional (follicles) and regulatory (C-thyrocytes, mast cells) links of the different zones of the organ and their dynamic plasticity in animals under the influence of exogenous seasonal, heliomagnetic and geomagnetic influences. The aim of the study was to evaluate the histological and topographic organization of the structural elements of the thyroid gland of dogs (Canis familiaris) under the influence of various conditions of the annual environmental seasons. The object of the study was digitized transverse histological sections of the central part of the right lobe of the thyroid gland of domestic male dogs (n = 16). To study the influence of meteorological factors on the structure of the gland, the material was obtained in the winter and summer seasons of the year, 8 animals each. Histological analysis was performed on sections stained by various methods (hematoxylin and eosin, azure II-eosin), including immunohistochemical (C-thyrocytes, fibronectin, PCNA - proliferating cell nuclear antigen, thyroglobulin, von Willebrand factor). In the ImageJ program, after preliminary geometric and photometric calibration, the area and optical density of cellular and tissue structures of the thyroid gland were measured, including relative to the center in all its zones. A total of 67 variables were studied, combined into groups of exogenous, endogenous organismic and endogenous organ characteristics. 10 factors were identified that influenced 77% of the total variance of the analyzed parameters. The composition of the factors is presented as follows: factor 1 includes quantitative indicators of C-thyrocytes (16.7% of the total variance). Factor 2 is represented by quantitative and functional indicators of mast cells (13.7% of the variance). Factor 3 characterizes the state of the functional link of the organ - follicles (12.9% of the variance); the fourth factor is the degree of saturation of C-thyrocytes with granules (7.69% of the variance). Finally, seasonal environmental influences (daylight hours, average daily temperature together with the index of proliferative activity of cells form the fifth factor (5.85% of the variance of the signs).