In 1873, the famous Italian morphologist C. Golgi invented a unique technique for coloring the nervous tissue with which he received magnificent preparations that opened the world a microscopic picture of the brain and the peripheral nervous system. The technique, called the black reaction, was characterized by a surprisingly contrasting identification of a structure that neurohistologists called an axon or axial cylinder. The name of this structure lasted almost a century and a half, but suddenly the intravital microscopy revealed that the argentophilic techniques, including the black reaction, reveal not the axon, but only the sharply compressed, thinned structure of the axoplasmic cytoskeleton, which we call the axial line. As a result, the Ranvier intercept cone becomes invisible. It turns out that in the course of the argentophilic treatment of myelinic nerve fibers, the filamentous-tubular protein polymers of the axoplasm is aggregated, which leads to a decrease in the degree of their dispersity and aggregation. As a result, a tight, thin, elastic cord is formed. Around him, between him and the myelin sheath, unremembered in neurohistology the Mautner space is formed. Intravital microscopy thus, transforming static morphology into kinetic studies, is able to clarify the knowledge of the structure of the nervous system.

In this review of literature present duplex scanning technology as modern noninvasive information technique of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis verification. The article gives assessment and description of intima-media complex thicknesses and atherosclerotic plaques in patients risk stratification within the scope of primary cardiovascular prophylaxis.

The article portrays modern views on the problems of formation of metaplasia, transdifferentiation and reprogramming of cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition on the basis of analysis of literature and the results of our own observations. Transdifferentiation in this article is considered as a kind of metaplasia, which is characterized by an irreversible transition of already differentiated cells into another type, due to the loss of one phenotype and the production of another. Metaplasia, in its broad aspect means the transformation of one cellular or tissue phenotype into another and occurs both through the transformation of stem cells and direct conversion of already differentiated cells. In addition to this metaplasia can be considered as a potentially reversible change, in which differentiated cell types are replaced by other differentiated cell types, usually better adapted to the transformed environmental conditions. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is the process of epithelial cells alteration of epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype occurring in embryonic development, healing of wounds as well as in the pathological processes, including tumor progression and fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metaplasia, transdifferentiation and cell reprogramming are complex dynamic pathophysiological processes that depend on the interaction of coordinated molecular signaling pathways. They play a key role during embryonic development, allowing cells to migrate to create the necessary tissues and organ development. This explains of the postnatal tissue changes that occur during wound healing and fibrosis, their involvement in the invasion and progression of tumors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, transdifferentiation, metaplasia and reprogramming can open up new perspectives in the study of carcinogenesis, the creation of effective targeted drugs that act purposefully on a particular signaling pathway or receptor. The features of metaplasia, transdifferentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cellular reprogramming considered in this article allow us to present only the general outlines of events that arise during intercellular interactions through the activation of various molecular genetic pathways. The annual discovery of new factors involved in intercellular interactions pose important tasks for researchers, which can be solved only with close international co-operation of the scientific community.

Tests of new dentistry implants, their comparison with already applied, working off of new methods of implantation carry out on experimental animals. Best of all rabbits answer for this purpose, in particular the structure of rabbit proximal condyle of tibial bone is similar to bones of jaws. Besides, this department of an extremity of these animals is easy available. Due to the above in this article the detailed technique of experimental introduction the dentistry implants in a rabbit tibial bone is presented. In detail also the course of an anesthesia, surgical intervention on introduction of implants, sacrificed animals, removed tissues for the subsequent morphological research and preparation stages of bioptates to studying by methods of light microscopy were step by step described. This technique will facilitate work with experimental animals, to some extent will allow to standardize of the specified procedures and will give the chance for obtaining of the randomized data suitable for statistical processing.

We performed a topographic and anatomical study on 24 cadavers with signs of diastasis of the rectus abdominal muscles. The research consisted in studying the tension of the nodal suture superimposed on the edges of the previously dissected linea alba before and after performing various relaxing incisions of the aponeurotic structures of the anterior abdominal wall. In the experimental part of the work carried out on 5 rabbits of the chinchilla breed was investigated the possible intra- and postoperative complications during implementation of the proposed wavelike relaxing incision of anterior wall of rectus sheath. In the clinical study included 20 patients with incisional hernias. The patients were divided into main and control groups. In the main group (n=10) hernia repair was performed using the sublay method with a developed wavelike relaxing incision of anterior wall of rectus sheath, and in the control group (n=10) the operation was performed according to the classical technique. In a topographic anatomical study we found that the proposed wavelike relaxing incision of anterior wall of rectus sheath is 1,5 times more effectively reduces tension on the sutures in comparison with the classical methods. According to the results of experimental studies, a possible postoperative complication in using a wavelike relaxing incision of anterior wall of rectus sheath is a subcutaneous hematoma in the postoperative wound (20%).In a clinical study we found that intra-abdominal pressure in the main group was 11,7±0,6 mm hg.st. and 9,8±0,5 mm hg.st. during surgical intervention and day after, and in the control group was 14,2±0,5 mm hg.st. and 12,3±0,4 mm hg.st (p=0,05).Postoperative complications in the main group of study we were not observed. In the control group we observed postoperative complications in 20% in the early postoperative period (postoperative serous wound inflammation, intestinal paresis) and 40% in the late (chronic pain syndrome) postoperative period (p=0,05).

Irritable bowel syndrome is a certain spectrum of functional gastrointestinal tract disturbances. However recent data indicate, that patients with the mentioned syndrome present with noticeable morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa. The aim of the study was evaluation of morphological changes in the duodenal mucosa in the course of its contamination with Campylobacter, Candida and Cryptosporidium in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Patients under 50 years old (14 women and 10 men) with irritable bowel syndrome underwent complex clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination including esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy with biopsy. Histological examination of bioptates, obtained from the patients' duodenal mucosa, revealed various grades of chronic duodenitis accompanied by high density of inflammatory cellular infiltrate (which consisted of plasmocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and fibrocytes), by duodenal villous atrophy, by low count of Paneth cells or their absence, by Brunner's glands' hyperplasia, by presence of Campylobacter, Candida and Cryptosporidium in the duodenal mucosa. The revealed duodenal mucosa morphological changes indicated on chronic inflammation accompanied with gut biocenosis abnormalities.

The widespread use of nanomaterials in various fields of human activity leads to a number of problems. It is well known that some nanomaterials may have an embryotoxic effect, having a direct effect on the fetus at penetrating through placental barrier. The purpose of this study is to evaluate, on the basis of the study of pre-implantational and post-implantational mortality and features of postnatal development, the embryotoxic properties of nanodispersed titanium dioxide (TiO2) when administered orally. It has been shown that oral administration of 50 mg/kg nanodispersed titanium dioxide to pregnant female rats from the 1st to 19th day of pregnancy has a pronounced embryotoxic effect, expressed in an increase in pre-implantational, post-implantational and total embryonic fetal mortality. The long-term effects of the antenatal effect of nanodispersed titanium dioxide on the development of the offspring of rats in the early postnatal period of ontogenesis were studied in the first 30 days of life. An increase in the death rate of rats during the feeding period, a delay in their weight and a delay in morphological and functional maturation in the postnatal stage of ontogenesis have been established. Thus, in spite of the existence of biological barriers, which in general sufficiently effectively protect the developing organism, the titanium dioxide nanoparticles investigated by us seem to have significant embryotoxic effects, including those delayed in their manifestation in the exposed offspring.

Discusses the pathological changes of bone tissue of the sternum in cardiac surgery patients with post-sternotomy chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum. It is established that in the pathological process involved informed of all the vessels and bone marrow of the sternum then the bone tissue. In the examined patients revealed the devastation of the bone marrow, accompanied by inflammatory exudative manifestations. Discovered damage to blood vessels, multiple foci of hemorrhage in the bone and muscle tissue, deposition of hemosiderin, a violation of hematopoietic function of bone marrow. A significant number of sequesters. Sequestered most of trabeculae inside the bone with the transition to the cortical plate. In 3 of 4 examined patients, they are mainly localized in the region of the surgical incision throughout its length. In some cases it was noted the defeat of the periosteum and muscle, which leads to the formation of fistulas. The result is a fistulous form of chronic osteomyelitis. On the basis of pathomorphological picture was revealed that 3 patients had the place exogenous mechanism of infection of the surgical field.

The article describes the structure features of spleen of presenile period rat in normal and after xenogeneic cerebrospinal fluid administration. The saline or liquor was injected intramuscularly three or ten times each 3 days in a doze 2 ml/kg. In presenile period marked changes the decrease of immune defense are observed. That proved by decline white pulp of the spleen, vanish of the lymph nodes, disappearance of the germinal centers. Three time injections of the cerebrospinal fluid caused some inhibition of degradation processes: more lymph nodes with germinal center of the lymphocytes are appeared; the edge of the zones of lymph nodes was precise. Ten time injection had slight effect on white pulp of the spleen. Significantly reduced the number of active centers of the lymph nodules with breeding zone, border of areas nodules are erased.

With the macro-microscopic methods studied quantitative and structural characteristics of the esophageal glands in different periods of postnatal ontogenesis. Revealed the age peculiarities of the number of glands and previously unknown patterns of structural organization of own human esophageal glands, their unequal distribution in the perimeter wall of the esophagus. Demonstrated gradual involution of the glands, manifested in the reduction of their number and size, simplified forms of glands that is more pronounced in old age.

In this study, the analysis of morphological changes of the gallbladder was carried in patients with acute cholecystitis of four age groups: young (25-44), middle (45-59), old (60-74) and senile (75-89) age. In patients older than 50 years the more pronounced growth of dense connective tissue (p=0,028) and a higher degree of lymphocytic infiltration (p=0,045) was observed in the adventitia as compared to women younger than 50 years. In patients of the elderly and senile age in the mucosa the number of macrophages was higher than in women of the young and middle age (p= 0,03). In the old age group, the cross-sectional area of the nuclei of the surface epithelium was significantly higher than young women (p=0,018). These changes point to chronic protracted course of gallstone disease in women of older age groups and acute inflammation in patients of the younger age.

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the hepatic vessels of small diameter under the influence of exogenous intoxication caused by respiratory way. Experiments were carried out on 16 rabbits of the chinchilla breed, which were divided equally into 4 groups. The first group included the control animals whose vascular structures were considered intact. The second group included the animal liver preparations which were studied on the 10th day of the experiments, and the III group animals were investigated on the 30th day of the experiment. The animals included into the IV group were killed on the 60th day of the experiment and preparations of the left lobe of their livers were investigated. It was found that on the 10th day of the experiments in the left lobe of the liver of the studied animals, there was an increase in the number and magnitude of the diameter of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed. On the 30th day of the experiments, on the contrary, the number of functioning hemocapillaries and their diameters are decreased. By the end of experiments of the phenomenon of a reduction of the microcirculatory bed in a liver were even more aggravated.

The issue of improving the personnel service in clinical laboratory diagnostics is topical, since specialists, having modern knowledge in laboratory research, can not stay aside from active participation during their appointment and interpretation. Training of specialists of this level requires revision of the regulatory framework, namely, the development of professional standards for specialists in clinical laboratory medicine. The survey involved 83 specialists with higher education working in clinical diagnostic laboratories of various forms of ownership in the Samara Region (Russia). In the course of the study, data were obtained reflecting the readiness to perform a number of generalized labor functions of the professional standard. Prior to the evaluation of the criterion of attention paid to the labor function in each group of respondents, we expected to obtain values of 9-10 units. However, in the course of the study, we found that this indicator in various groups of respondents fluctuated in a wide range. We believe that the training of professional stuff with higher education in laboratory medicine should be implemented in parallel with the introduction of the professional standard.

Many aspects of spleen histophysiology in humans and mammals still remain unsolved until today. This includes the spleen in white rats. The presence of megakaryocytes in its parenchyma has been only briefly indicated in some papers. As for appropriate information, let alone illustration, it is not available even in manuals on histology or the current histological atlases. The aim of the study is to obtain comparative morphological data on the spleen and marrow megakaryocytes in white rats. The object of this study is the spleen and marrow of the mandibular bone of outbred white rats (n=17) weighing 180,0-200,0 g. Staining the spleen preparations and mandibular trabecular bone tissue paraffin sections with hematoxylin and eosin, Azur-II-eosin and according to Van Gieson. In the spleen of white rats, megakaryocytes they appear identical to the marrow megakaryocytes.

It is report of the organizing committee of the open student Olympiad on human anatomy of the Academician Ivan Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, held May 19-20, 2017 at the Professor Mikhail Prywes department of clinical anatomy and operative surgery (Head of the department - doctor of medical sciences, Professor Andrey Akopov). In the Olympiad 11 teams of students from medical universities of Russia from 10 cities with a total number of 45 people took part. The Olympiad was held in two rounds, the full program of the Olympiad, its contents and the winners of the teams are presented.