INTRODUCTION. The teaching of operative surgery and topographic anatomy is undergoing a systemic crisis driven not by a shortage of educational materials but by a loss of conceptual clarity regarding the very nature of the discipline – its subject matter, its method, and its place within medical education.

AIM: to define the discipline as a unified epistemological tradition originating with Pirogov; to analyse the historical causes of the dissolution of the original synthesis between topographic anatomy and operative surgery in Russian medical schools; and to substantiate the principles underlying a contemporary curriculum appropriate to both the classical content of the subject and the technological horizon of surgery in the coming decades.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Historico-epistemological analysis of the discipline's formation; comparative analysis of three international models of teaching (French, German, and Hispanic-Argentine); conceptual analysis of the relationship between descriptive anatomy, topographic anatomy, and operative surgery as distinct types of medical knowledge; development of a structured curriculum for medical specialty 31.05.01 (General Medicine), year 4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.The discipline is defined as a system of anatomical justification for the surgical method of treatment. Three historical vectors of synthesis degradation are identified: administrative separation of the subject's components, displacement to earlier years of study, and the disappearance of the clinical anatomist as the distinctive professional subject of teaching. The centrality – rather than peripherality – of variant anatomy in curriculum design is substantiated. It is shown that robotic and navigational surgery does not reduce but intensifies the demands placed on anatomical reasoning. An eight-module curriculum (324 hours) is developed, implementing the principle of the inseparability of topographic anatomy and operative intervention.

CONCLUSION. The crisis in teaching this discipline is epistemological, not methodological. Its resolution requires the restoration of the language of reasoning – from anatomical fact to surgical inference – as the primary language of both teaching and educational texts.

INTRODUCTION. According to the Russian classification, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is part of the metasympathetic system that unites the intramural nerve ganglia of various organs [1]. At the same time, there is not a single provision concerning its morphology that would not be controversial. First of all, this is the lack of reliable information about the physiological and reparative regeneration of the ENS, about the participation in it of stem cells, mitotically or amitotically dividing neuroblasts, neuroblastic reserve and dicaryons or heterokaryons formed by the fusion of neurons and oligodendrocytes.

AIM of the study is to prove the presence of neuroblastic reserve in the ENS in human postnatal ontogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Autopsy fragments of the intestines of newborns (n=3) and people of mature age I (n=12) were studied using classical and original impregnation methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The data obtained indicate that the differentiation of an markedly abundant and extremely heterogeneous population of human ENS neuroblasts continues in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. In this regard, a reserve is formed in it, due to which the population of differentiated neurocytes is constantly replenished.

INTRODUCTION. Studying the distribution of p53-positive cells in various lymph node zones is essential for understanding the systemic consequences of trauma and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

AIM: to evaluate the dynamics of p53-positive lymphocyte density in different zones of the rat inguinal lymph node after mechanical trauma to the thigh soft tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The experiment was performed on 50 outbred rats (180–200 g), divided into 5 groups: control (n=10) and 4 experimental groups (n=40) at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-injury. Mechanical thigh trauma was induced using a specialized device simulating high-energy injury. Immunohistochemical detection of p53 was performed on paraffin sections using the UltraVision ONE system. Statistical analysis was performed in R (version 4.3.2) using non-parametric methods: Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction, Friedman test, Jonckheere-Terpstra test, and two-way ANOVA on aligned ranks (ART).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. In all zones except primary nodules and the medullary sinus, a significant increase in p53-positive lymphocyte density was observed post-trauma (p<0.05; Cohen's d>1.5). The highest values were recorded in the medullary cords at all time points, the lowest in the sinus system and primary nodules. The Friedman test confirmed heterogeneous p53 distribution between zones at all time points. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test revealed a positive linear trend in the medullary cords, secondary nodules, and subcapsular sinus, indicating progressive p53⁺ cell accumulation. A quadratic trend with a peak at days 3–7 was observed in the cortex and paracortical zone. A significant "time × zone" interaction confirmed the zonal specificity of the response. Study power exceeded 0.80 for most comparisons.

CONCLUSION. Mechanical thigh trauma induces pronounced, zone-specific p53 expression dynamics in the inguinal lymph node. Maximal and progressive apoptotic activity in the medullary cords, subcapsular sinus, and secondary nodules reflects their key role in eliminating activated lymphocytes and resolving the immune response. These findings expand fundamental knowledge of lymphoid tissue reaction to trauma and may inform strategies for correcting post-traumatic immune disorders.

AIM: to investigate the effect of physical decellularization methods and glycerol pretreatment on the morphological structure and biological properties of lyophilized amniotic membrane.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two groups of human amniotic membrane fragments were studied. During pretreatment, fragments of the first group were immersed for 20 minutes in a 10% glycerol solution, while fragments of the second group received no glycerol treatment. Both groups were subsequently subjected to ultrasonic processing at a frequency of 35±10% kHz for 15 minutes, followed by lyophilization. Biological properties were assessed based on proteomic analysis of the preserved amniotic membrane and experimental studies in laboratory animals. Morphological examination was performed using light microscopy and a JEOL JSM-6390A Analysis Station scanning electron microscope (Japan).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Destruction of epithelial cells and desquamation of the epithelial layer were identified, both more pronounced in amniotic membrane specimens not pretreated with glycerol; the stromal layers were flattened. Multidirectional fibers confer a three-dimensional architecture. In specimens of amniotic membrane lyophilized after glycerol impregnation, homogeneous, structureless substrates attached in clusters and forming a tree-like configuration were observed. Proteomic analysis revealed a greater number of angiogenesis inducers in amniotic membrane fragments not pretreated with glycerol. At the implantation site of biomaterial fragments not treated with glycerol, a greater number of mast cells and pronounced neoangiogenesis were noted.

CONCLUSION. Physical decellularization and preservation methods allow the anatomical structure and protein compounds that determine the biological activity of the amniotic membrane to be maintained. Glycerol treatment of decellularized lyophilized amniotic membrane promotes the retention of diverse protein compounds within the tissue structure, thereby sustaining its biological activity. Biomaterial not impregnated with glycerol contains a greater number of proteins, promotes greater cellular infiltration, and activates neoangiogenesis. By contrast, amniotic membrane pretreated with glycerol does not elicit a pronounced inflammatory response and does not lead to the formation of newly formed vessels.

AIM of the study was to evaluate the influence of regional climatic living conditions of Udmurt children and adolescents of different sexes on the timing and rate of permanent tooth eruption using the example of upper and lower canines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The object of the study was children aged the first and second childhood periods, and adolescents of different sexes living in various mesoclimatic zones of the Udmurt Republic (UR). The total number of examined persons was 1,350. The interval between studies for each representative was 12 months. The data were presented in absolute numbers and as a percentage of the number of examined individuals for each year of the study, and the growth rates and increases in the number of individuals with erupted canines for each subsequent year from the moment of detection were calculated separately for the female and male populations. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using standard Excel statistical software packages (Statistica 10), The arithmetic mean (M), the standard deviation (σ), and the error of the mean (m) were calculated. To assess the significance of the correlation between the numerical values of populations of children living in different mesoclimatic zones, the correlation coefficient (r) was used and its error (S_r) was calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It was revealed that in favorable living conditions (southern regions of the UR), there is a tendency to outrun the teething process; synchronicity of the teething process; a similar duration of the teething process in time compared with unfavorable (northern UR) conditions. The final rate of increase in the population of children with erupted upper and lower canines in the southern regions significantly exceeded that in the north of the republic for both the female and male populations.

CONCLUSION. Awareness of the process of eruption, due to climatic living conditions, will help reduce the frequency of canine retention, providing early detection and preventive treatment. The presented data can be used as standards in assessing the eruption of permanent teeth for places with specific climatic living conditions.

INTRODUCTION. Body weight deficiency has been studied as a predictor of various pathological conditions for a long time. This review presents scientific studies that reveal its interdependence with somatic diseases in combination with medical, social, economic, and biological factors.

AIM: to analyze the available literature on the relationship between women's body weight deficit and their health status.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The search for published data was carried out in the electronic databases NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), Pubmed, ResearchGate, Elibrary, Scopus, WoS.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. There are publications, of which the largest number, on the relationship of women's body mass deficit with their physical, sexual development and reproductive health. There are results of studies on the presence of somatic pathology in body mass deficit. The question of the mechanisms of violation of women's reproductive health and the role of the fat component of the body is considered. Possible somatic pathologies in case of body weight deficiency are presented.

CONCLUSIONS. The mechanisms of violation of the reproductive function of women are described, which consist in a decrease in the fat component in the soma, a violation of the synthesis of sex hormones and, as a result, a violation of reproductive function. To clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of somatic pathology in body mass deficiency, additional comprehensive studies are necessary. Body mass deficiency should be considered as a predictor of the development of somatic pathology and reproductive dysfunction.

The historical aspect of the article examines certain aspects of the formation of scientific and pedagogical activity of the outstanding Russian scientist-histologist Alexander Stanislavovich Dogel. His multifaceted life and work have been thoroughly evaluated in the literature, however, in the context of the events held in connection with the 160th anniversary of the Kazan Neurohistological School and the 110th anniversary of the founding of the first morphological journal Archive of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, additional information has appeared on the biography of A.S. Dogel, and the present authors offer additional commentary. A brief biographical sketch presents the main stages of A.S. Dogel's development as a scientist. Dogel's personality was greatly influenced by his family, and subsequently by prominent representatives of Kazan scientific schools - ophthalmologist Emilian Valentievich Adamyuk and histologist Karl Augustovich Arnstein, thanks to whom A.S. Dogel mastered histological techniques and carried out an outstanding study of the structure of the retina of the eye, highly appreciated by Ramon y Cajal. A.S. Dogel developed an effective research tool – an improved method of staining nervous tissue, which allowed histologists to obtain new information about the structure of nervous tissue and the system. The article provides information about the life and work of A.S. Dogel after leaving Kazan, when he worked for a number of years at Tomsk University, and then at the Imperial Saint Petersburg University, engaged in scientific, administrative and teaching activities. His research in the field of the structural and functional organization of the nervous system (description of the neurons of the enteric nervous system, the structure of the retina, spinal ganglia) became the property of the scientific community and were an indisputable contribution to the development of Russian and world histology. Taking care of the wide dissemination of scientific information and the education of new generations of scientists, A.S. Dogel organized the publication of the scientific journal "Russian Archive of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology", which publishes scientific materials to this day. The scientist put a lot of effort into creating Russian textbooks and manuals on histology, and also acted as a popularizer of science.