Morphological and morphometric features of cells of arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus in dynamics of thermal burn trauma of skin are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the important role of reactive changes in the neuroendocrine regulatory complex in the pathogenesis of skin burn wounds. Since the hypothalamus is part of neuroendocrine cooperation, it shows the most pronounced signs of neuronal damage. In this regard, the aim of the study was to study qualitative and quantitative structural changes in the arcuate nucleus of the middle hypothalamus of rats in the simulation of thermal burn injury to the skin. Burn exposure was simulated in male nonlinear rats weighing 200-230 g by applying contact thermal trauma in the interblade region of the back. The functional activity of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus was evaluated by quantitative analysis of the morphometric parameters of neurocyte nuclei because these organoids correlate with transcription intensity and can serve as a tool for assessing their functional state. To carry out quantitative analysis of histological preparations of hypothalamus, planimetric properties of neurons and their structures were determined: absolute values of neurons, such as: area of pericaryons, area of neurons nuclei, area of cytoplasm of neurons, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of neurons of arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus. On the basis of the obtained data on absolute values of neurons relative values were calculated - median area of pericaryons, median area of nuclei, median area of cytoplasm of pericaryons, median of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of neurons of arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus. The study revealed destructive transformations of this hypothalamic brain zone in all stages of inflammatory-regenerative reaction: on 2, 4, 7, 10 days after burn exposure. Comparative analysis of hypothalamus preparations of laboratory animals showed characteristic destructive changes in arcuate nuclei in conditions of thermal skin injury, which reflected the development of processes of reversible and irreversible damage to neurons. The detected features are generally consistent with existing ideas about the disruption of morphofunctional organization of neurons in this zone due to the implementation of adaptive mechanisms characterized by activation of local and systemic compensatory-restorative processes, focal gliosis and development of edema changes of nerve cells.

Information about the typical stereotopic variability of the sphenoidal yoke of the sphenoid bone is necessary to expand the scientific and technical capabilities in neurosurgery. The aim of the study was to study the stereotopic variability of the sphenoidal yoke of the sphenoid bone in adults, depending on the type of base of the skull. By stereotopometry on 100 passported turtles of people of mature age (21-60 years old) from the collection of the Fundamental Museum of the Department of Human Anatomy Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, the value of the basilar angle is determined and the types of its base are highlighted; we studied the spatial coordinates of standard craniometric points (nasion, sellar, basion) and non-standard craniometric points: the front and rear edges of the sphenoidal yoke on the right and left, according to the distance of their projections to three mutually perpendicular planes: sagittal, frontal and Frankfurt. The typical variability of the spatial position of the sphenoidal yoke was established: in flexibasilar types of the skull – yoke occupies a higher spatial position relative to the Frankfurt plane, close to the front and both its edges are equally distant from the sagittal plane, compared with the level of platibasilar type. The height of the sphenoidal yoke of the mediobasilar type relative to the Frankfurt plane corresponds to the level of flexibasilar, relative to the frontal plane - it occupies a middle position between the parameters of the extreme types of the base of the skull, relative to the sagittal plane - its front edge occupies the same position as the extreme types, while the location of its posterior edge corresponds to the level of the plate-basilar type.

The histological differences in the structure of the ovarian vein and saphenous veins of the lower extremities during their varicose transformation have been insufficiently studied in the modern literature. The study aims to determine the morphological parallels of the structure of varicose veins in varicose veins of the pelvis and varicose veins of the lower extremities. Fifty histological biopsy specimens of removed veins were examined in women. Of these, 25 large saphenous veins were obtained from patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities and 25 preparations of a resected ovarian vein from 25 women with varicose veins of the pelvis. The preparation was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by the Van Gieson method, studied by light microscopy. In the study of the preparations, significant structural changes were noted in all layers of the venous wall, both in varicose veins of the pelvis and in varicose veins of the lower extremities in the form of a combination of atrophic, fibroplastic and hypertrophic processes leading to the loss of its functional properties. Depending on the decompensation of pathological processes, 3 morphological forms of lesions of the venous wall structure were revealed. The hypertrophic form was found in 17 (34%) surgery perform women, fibrous - in 13 (26%), atrophic - in 20 (40%). In the group of patients with varicose veins of the pelvis compared with the group of patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities, the prevalence of initial forms of lesion was revealed. There was a correlation between the severity of venous vascular lesions with the duration of the disease and the patient's age, the number of risk predictors and a high body mass index, which was the determining factor in the occurrence of this phenomenon. The results of this study indicate the similarity of the pathological picture of venous lesions, both in varicose veins of the pelvis and in varicose veins of the lower extremities.

In connection with the rapid development of endovascular surgery and the increasing number of minimally invasive surgeries there is a need for a detailed study of variants of the architectonic and topographic and anatomical characteristics of extraorganic blood vessels. The purpose of the study was to study the variant anatomy of the celiac trunk and its branches in adult men and women with different shapes of body. The analysis of 2300 computer tomograms of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches of adult men and women in age 25-75 years with a different body type was made. According to the value of the Pinier index, were dedicated asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic forms of the physique. It is established that the cases of a typical classic variant of celiac trunk trifurcation in men is observed only in 35% of cases, and in women – in 41.2%, with an atypical variant of its division was observed significantly more often (in 65 and 58,8%, respectively). It is shown that regardless of gender and the shape of the body at Pinier index in all studied groups, the incidence of typical branching of the celiac trunk varies from 32.1 to 49.4%, and the frequency of atypical variant is an average of 62.1%. Among atypical variants of division of the celiac trunk quadrifurcation occurs more often. Thus, the frequency of most of the variants of the celiac trunk showed significant differences depending on gender and body type. Knowledge of variant anatomy of the celiac trunk will be may significantly increase the quality of preoperative diagnosis in surgery on the celiac trunk and its branches, and exclude iatrogenic damage of these vessels.

The problem of age-related involution of the structures of the immune system is now becoming more and more urgent. The aim of this study is the structural and functional characteristics of the visceral lymph nodes of an elderly person. Using immune morphological methods, the structure and cellular composition of the subcarinal and mesenteric lymph nodes of an elderly person were studied. A pronounced development of fibrous connective tissue is shown, which leads to fragmentation of the parenchyma of the nodes and a reduction in the area of the cortex. In the cortex, small lymphoid nodules and a narrow para-cortical zone are revealed. In lymphoid nodules, the absence of light centers with dividing and poorly differentiated lymphocytes and a high concentration of mature CD20 B-lymphocytes are noted. In the para-cortical zone, CD4 T-helpers are not detected. In all structural components of the lymph node, Ki67-positive cells are absent, which indicates the extinction of lymphocyte-poietic function, which is due to the replacement of the reticular tissue of the microenvironment with fibrous connective tissue and the absence of CD4 T-lymphocytes, which regulate the reactions of cellular and humoral immunity. Destruction of the reticular stroma in the sinus system, which is a biological filter, leads to impaired lymph purification function.

                                                                                                                       

                                                                                                                      

In all variants of the destructive form of pancreatitis, the involvement of adipose tissue of both para-pancreatic and distant localization was noted. In this case, it is necessary to improve the pathological diagnosis of acute destructive pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to develop new techniques for postmortem examination of those who died from complications of acute pancreatitis. Pathological studies were supplemented by the methods proposed by the authors, which made it possible to clarify the spread of the infectious agent through the retroperitoneal tissue. The scheme proposed by the authors for recording changes in the tissue of the pancreas and surrounding tissues after a contrast study made it possible to clarify the main ways of propagation of the purulent-necrotic process along the retroperitoneal tissue. The results of postmortem examination of 67 deaths from complications of acute pancreatitis are presented. Based on the study, 5 types of acute destructive pancreatitis were identified. In type I, the pathological process involves the right half of the retroperitoneal tissue, including the mesentery root of the small intestine, the para-pancreatic region, the right para-kidney and sub-hepatic space. The second type is characterized by the presence of inflammatory and destructive changes in the fiber of the right lateral canal, the actual retroperitoneal space on the right and the mesentery root of the transverse colon. Purulent-necrotic changes in para-pancreatic, left perineal tissue, mesentery of the transverse colon, also in peritoneum were typical for type III acute destructive pancreatitis. For type IV disease, in addition to areas of involvement as in type III, involvement of the pelvic tissue and the left sections of the retroperitoneal space itself were noted. The spread of the infectious agent to both the right and left parts of the retroperitoneal tissue was defined as type V acute destructive pancreatitis.

The immune system as a whole plays a leading role in the formation of an adequate immune response during the onset and development of tumors. The aim of the study was to reveal the features of the change in the morphology and level of biogenic amines of the thymus of rats during experimental carcinogenesis of breast cancer by the injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. In the work used luminescence-histochemical, general histological and immunohistochemical methods, which made it possible to obtain important information about the functional activity of the cellular elements of the thymus, the quantitative composition of macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and the qualitative characteristics of mast cells. The experiment was carried out on 85 white nonlinear female rats, which were injected with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, which induces a breast tumor. Animals were divided into two groups: intact (n=30) and rats injected with a carcinogen (n=45). The thymus structure was examined 1, 2, and 3 months after the end of the injections. During the study, changes in the morphometric parameters of the organ are noted. A month after the injection of the drug, the area of the medulla of the thymus and the thickness of the cortex substance of the organ increases, which decrease with an increase in the study period. Replacement of the thymus parenchyma with adipose and connective tissue begins after 2 months and progresses with an increase in the study period. A tendency to wavelike changes in biogenic amines was revealed, after 1 month there is a significant increase in the level of histamine and a decrease in serotonin and catecholamines, after 2 months an increase in all biogenic amines, especially histamine (1.5 times or more) in premedullary and mast cells, thymocytes of the cortex. After 3 months, on the contrary, there is a decrease in histamine and an increase in the level of monoamines. The ratio (serotonin+histamine)/catecholamines after 1 month indicate a decrease in the functional activity of the thymus, and after 3 months - about its increase. At all stages of the study, degranulated forms of mast cells predominate. In the dynamics of the experiment, an increase in the number of dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and twice the number of macrophages and Bcl-2+cells was revealed. The data obtained in the course of the study suggested that the introduction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the subsequent development of a breast tumor is reflected in the change in the morphofunctional state of the thymus. In this case, the greatest changes were observed 2 months after the end of the administration of the carcinogen, even before the formation of a breast tumor. The data obtained can have a certain value in determining the immune status in models of experimental carcinogenesis.

The study of lung morphology under the influence of various environmental factors is of great interest for various areas of medicine and biology. The study of pathological changes in the respiratory part of the lung of rats with aspiration acute injury and the action of pharmacological correction was carried out. Acetone was used as a damaging agent, and HyperHAES was used as a means of pharmacological correction, containing 7.2% NaCl solution in combination with 6% hydroxyethyl starch, as well as a liposomal form of N-acetylcysteine, which was administered to experimental animals once intravenously after induction of acute lung injury. The control group of animals received antibiotic therapy. The staining of the slides was carried out using hematoxylin and eosin. A quantitative assessment of the histological signs of lung tissue damage was carried out. As a result of the study of preparations of the lungs, the degree of pulmonary edema was established, as well as the anti-edema effect of pharmacological corrections. On the 6th day of the experiment, the anti-edematous effect was retained only after the introduction of N-acetylcysteine. Histological examination of the lungs showed generalized destruction of the organ architectonics in response to the impact of a damaging factor and its reduction under the influence of pharmacological corrections. In the control group, the signs of acute lung injury were most extensive. One day after the administration of the HyperHAEC solution, there were no hemorrhages in the histological picture of the lungs. In a quantitative assessment of the histological signs of acute lung injury, it was shown that the maximum positive effect from the administration of HyperHAES develops 24 hours after application. N-acetylcysteine primarily led to a decrease in leukocyte infiltration and prevented the development of a suppurative process. The lung-protective effect of N-acetylcysteine was realized in 24 hours from the moment of administration and persisted until the 6th day of the experiment. The use of pharmacological correction agents in acute lung injury was reflected in the picture of the lethality of the experimental animals. When HyperHAES was applied, 37.5% of animals died by day 6, in the group with N-acetylcysteine - 28.6%, while in the control group all animals died.

The only regulated model of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome or disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome is the Di Minno model of generalized thrombosis. Due to the expansion of the role of tissue factor and thrombin in the initiation of DIC, the aim of this study is the histological assessment of the Di Minno model under conditions of DIC initiation by tissue factor or thrombin with comparison with the classical variant. The study was performed on 80 male mice. All laboratory animals were divided into three groups depending on the trigger of thrombosis: Group I - collagen + adrenaline solution (0.5 mg / kg + 0.06 mg / kg), Group II - 10 mg / kg thromboplastin, Group III - 10 mg / kg thrombin. Histological studies of animal’s preparations demonstrate a lower content of blood clots in the lungs of laboratory animals, which suggests that the main cause of death of animals is not acute thrombosis, but the development of delayed manifestations of DIC when using tissue factor. In the case of thrombin using, on the contrary, the death of animals is recorded on the first day of the experiment and the results of the histological study demonstrate the massiveness of thrombosis, which is not initially provided for by this model, calculated to assess the effectiveness of new antiplatelet drugs in an acute experiment. Thus, on the basis of morphological studies, the limitations of the use of tissue factor and thrombin in model thrombosis have been demonstrated and the expediency of using physiological inducers of aggregation has been substantiated.

According to a number of researchers, pathological changes in the structures of the renal papilla play a key role in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. According to the results of existing studies, destructive processes in collagen are characterized by a change in the length, thickness of the fibers and their orientation in space. Collagen disorganization has enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. The aim of the study was to study the frequency and features of localization of Randall's plaques and morphological study of the state of connective tissue and the basement membrane of the epithelium of the renal tubules of different levels in urolithiasis. Microscopically studied preparations of 29 biopsies of renal tissue obtained from patients with fibro-uretero-pyeloscopy (11), percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy (18) and preparations obtained at 20 autopsies in cases without visible renal pathology. Histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine the state of connective tissue fibers using Van Gieson, Mallory, Schiff-reagent, alcian blue, and Kos for calcifications. The results of the study show that the morphological signs of mucoid swelling of the connective tissue and basement membrane of the epithelium of the renal tubules of different levels in combination with the formation of microcalcifications require further study of the possible role of disorganization of the connective tissue of the renal stroma in the initiation of stone formation in the kidneys.