The immunological factor in the genesis of reproductive losses, including the use of in vitro fertilization technologies, remains not completely clear due to the multiple pathogenetic mechanisms of immunological interactions in the mother-placenta-fetus system. The purpose of this study is to study the expression of the factor SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor) in the endometrium during missed miscarriage using in vitro fertilization technologies. Abortive material 5-8 weeks’ old was studied using in vitro fertilization technologies with different variants of transformation of the endometrium. A total of 92 samples were studied, of which 77 were abortive material from a missed miscarriage after the use of in vitro fertilization technologies and 15 were samples of abortive material from a pregnancy terminated surgically. A histological study was performed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin with a description of the variants of transformation of the stroma and endometrial glands and an immunohistochemical study of the SDF-1 factor in the endometrium of the examined groups. Based on the histological picture, depending on the morphological variant of the transformation of the endometrium, 5 groups of cases were formed: complete transformation of the stroma and glands of the endometrium and stroma with glands of the secretory type; incomplete transformation of the stroma with glands of the secretory type, proliferative type, with both types and the control group of observations. The expression area of ​​the marker in the endometrium (glands and stroma) was determined by morphometry. The results of the study showed a significant decrease in the expression of SDF-1 in the glands of the compact layer of the endometrium, regardless of the options for its transformation after the use of in vitro fertilization technologies, which is probably associated with a violation of the synthesis of the SDF-1 chemokine by glandulocytes at the stage of cyclic transformation of the endometrium. A significant increase in the expression of SDF-1 in the stroma of the endometrium is due to the initial violation of the its morphological and functional state in patients with infertility. Verification of stromal cell factor in the endometrium at the stage of preparation will allow to correct this stage of the application of in vitro fertilization technologies for patients with endometrial dysfunction.

At present, various ethno-territorial groups are of great interest to researchers in order to study their physical development, morphological and functional indicators in order to identify the body's adaptive responses to environmental factors. To date, research devoted to the study of the level of physical development, features of the morphological and functional state of adolescent males, taking into account ethno-territorial characteristics, have not been conducted in the Republic of Mordovia. The aim of the study was to study the level of physical development and anthropometric status of young men aged 17-21 years, of different ethnicity, permanently residing in the Republic of Mordovia. Random samples of 1612 male students were examined, including 774 Russian males and 838 Mordovian males. The place of birth, length of residence in the Republic of Mordovia and the corresponding ethnicity of the parents for at least three generations were taken into account. As a result, it was found that among young people of the studied populations, individuals with an average head shape with proportional development and normal body weight predominate. Among young men, a normosthenic type of constitution of an andromorph body type is common with an average life index and a low or average strength index. The majority of students of the Russian ethno-territorial group have an average face shape, a narrow chest shape, while the representatives of the Mordovian ethno-territorial group have a wide face shape, a proportional shape of the chest. In the first group of students, body length indicators were also higher, which most likely has a genetic influence. Comparative evaluation of anthropometric and functional indicators of the body of young men showed that in order to establish the morphological and functional features, as well as the level of physical development of adolescent males, the best results are obtained when the researcher works with specific ethno-territorial groups. A distinctive feature for both studied groups is the shape of the face and chest, which depend on heredity and are constant characteristics. The results obtained can be used in the development of university and regional health programs for adolescent males in the Republic of Mordovia.

The aim of the study was a morphometric characteristic of the left atrial appendage of a conditionally normal adult heart with a different number of lobes of this structure. We studied 52 preparations of the heart weighing 250-400 grams of people aged 36-89 who died from causes not related to diseases of the heart, blood vessels, muscle or connective tissue. The left atrium of the heart was filled with liquid silicone with a hardener. During the silicone hardening, the preparations were suspended so that the its lower wall was raised above the table plane by 10–15º. After the silicone hardened, the overall dimensions of the heart, left atrial appendage, and its lobes were measured with a caliper. The number of lobes and edges of the atrial appendage was determined. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis of differences. It was established that in 71,1% of cases the left atrial appendages had two lobes, in 21,2% three lobes, in 7,7% it was single-lobed. The proximal lobes of the three-lobed left atrial appendages could be short or long. Three-lobed left atrial appendages were longer than two-lobed ones (U=106,5; p=0,018). The values of the width of the left atrial appendage of the heart did not depend on the number of its lobes (H=0,95; p=0,62). In 98,1% of cases, the atrial appendage had an edge directed towards the pulmonary artery, in 96,1% of cases they had an edge facing the diaphragmatic surface of the heart, in 94,2% of the preparations there was an edge facing the apex of the heart, in 25% of cases there was a left atrial edge directed back and up. Most often, in 65,4% of cases, the left appendage of the heart had three edges: pulmonary, apical and diaphragmatic. Thus, it was established that the left atrial appendage of the heart is characterized by a pronounced anatomical variability in shape. A different number of lobes, edges of the left atrial appendage, a different combination of these features and the ratio of the length and width of the lobes of the atrial appendage and the atrial appendage as a whole are proposed to be considered as criteria for distinguishing anatomical types and structural variants of the human left atrial appendage.

Syncytial connections between neurites were found using electron microscopy in the nervous system of cats, young pigs, as well as in the culture of mollusk ganglia cells. The possibility of detecting neural syncytia using the method of the unmasking of digital images of arborizations of interneuronal connections in the nervous tissue of the brain was established, but this method was not used to study of the enteric nervous system. The aim of the study was to analyze the submucosal and intermuscular autonomic nerve plexuses of the intestine of the domestic cat (Felis catus) by method of the unmasking of digital images. The material for the study was preparations of the small and large intestines. All manipulations with animals were carried out in compliance with Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union on the protection of animals used for scientific aims. The experiments were carried out on mature outbred cats (n=45). To obtain preparations, the intestinal vessels of experimental animals were sequentially perfused with solutions of barium hydroxide, then silver nitrate, and hydroquinone. After perfusion, intestinal preparations were taken and fixed. The obtained histological preparations (including ultramicroscopic ones) were studied by the method of unmasking of digital images (of the downscaling of the image resolution). As a result of the study, numerous distant syncytial anastomoses connecting the bodies of neurocytes of all types of Dogiel cells were revealed for the first time, and their properties were established. Widespread multiple morphological mono- and polyvalent ring syncytial structures were found. Their supposed function is the opposite direction of electric and axoplasmic flow. An in vivo feature of the reflex syncytial apparatus of the enteric nervous system is the formation of multi-tiered closed loop-like contacts of nerve fibers and type II Dogiel cells with pronounced local and diffuse receptor branches. Thus, a characteristic feature of the enteric nervous system is the presence of multicellular connections of neurocytes in the form of a network of distant syncytial anastomoses. These anastomoses are real proof of the reticular principle of the structural organization of the autonomic plexuses of the enteric nervous system and the reticular concept in general.

The immune system plays an important role in the formation of an adequate immune response during transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow. The aim of the study was to study the localization of CD8-positive cells in the lymph nodes at the early stages after the venous injection of a suspension of allogeneic bone marrow cells. The experiments were carried out on 50 outbred male rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 - intact rats (n=10), group 2 - control animals (n=10), which were injected 3 ml of 0,85% natrium chloride solution; 3rd group - experimental rats (n=30), which were injected into the tail vein with one ml of a cell suspension of bone marrow extracted from the epiphysis of the femur of another rat and mixed with 2 ml of 0,85% natrium chloride solution. Animals were withdrawn from the experiment after 40, 120 and 240 minutes from the start of the experiment. After 40 minutes from the start of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the lymph nodes, CD8+ lymphocytes are detected in the expanded subcapsular, paracortical zones, near the vessels, in the cortical sinuses, and in the medulla. After 120 minutes from the start of transplantation, the number of lymphoid nodules with different numbers of CD8+ lymphocytes and different intensity of their color increases. The reproduction of CD8+-lymphocytes occurs under the capsule in the cortex of some lymphoid nodules, the vessels dilate, fragmentation of the medulla occurs with the appearance of new groups of CD8+-lymphocytes. After 240 minutes from the start of allogeneic bone marrow injection, a small number of CD8+ lymphocytes are detected in the subcapsular zone, in the peripheral layer of single lymphoid nodules, along the lymphatic and blood vessels, and as groups in the medulla. There is a fatty degeneration of the medulla of the lymph nodes. Thus, based on the localization and reproduction of CD8+ lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, it can be assumed that the recognition of allogeneic bone marrow antigens occurs in the subcapsular zone, the peripheral layer of lymphoid nodules, and areas of the medulla.

One of the most dangerous effects of radiation on health is reproductive dysfunction, often leading to infertility. Available studies on the effects of radiation on spermatogenesis and fertility have not considered the possibility of using restorative therapy. One of the modern methods of infertility treatment is the introduction of autologous blood plasma with an increased content of platelets and native growth factors. Currently, there are no studies on the study of offspring obtained by using this method of infertility treatment and the assessment of its teratogenicity. Purpose of the study: morphological analysis of offspring of male rats irradiated with electrons at a dose of 2 Gy and receiving platelet-rich plasma. Male Wistar rats (n=35) were once subjected to targeted ionizing radiation at a NOVAC-11 pulsed electron accelerator at a dose of 2 Gy. To half (n=15) of the irradiated animals were injected with platelet-rich plasma and insulin-like growth factor-1 for 12 weeks, after which the males of both groups were placed with intact females (n=30) to produce offspring. The state of the developing offspring was assessed by morphological analysis after the removal of pregnant females from the experiment on the 20th day of prenatal development. Pregnancy was observed only in females bred by control males and males treated with platelet-rich plasma. Classical histological methods and X-ray computed microtomography were used. As a result of the study, it was found that the weight and size of the offspring from the control and experimental groups did not have macroscopic differences; light microscopy did not reveal significant changes in their histological structure. Pathological changes in the development of the offspring of males of the experimental group who received platelet-rich plasma after electron irradiation with a dose of 2 Gy using computed microtomography were also not detected. The obtained data indicate about of effectiveness of the treatment of the infertility of irradiated male rats with platelet-rich plasma, as well as the absence of its teratogenic effects.

The uterus is a unique organ of its kind due to the constant remodeling during the reproductive period of the tissues that make it up. Violations of the involution processes occurring in this organ after part can cause the development of pathological conditions of the uterus. The relevance of the study is determined by the active participation of biogenic amines in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and uterine histogenesis. The aim of the work was to study the patterns of spatial cooperation of mast cells in the uterus of rats and the content of catecholamine, serotonin and histamine in them during the postpartum period. Using fluorescent-histochemical methods, mast cells of the uterus of rats were studied in 100 outbred female rats of reproductive age, divided into 11 groups according to the postpartum period. The study was performed on cryostat sections of preparations of the uterine body. The density of the spatial distribution of endometrial and myometrium mast cells was assessed. The content of histamine, serotonin and catecholamine was determined by cytospectrofluorimetry in conventional units of the recording device in the cells. As a result of the study, it was found that the density of the spatial distribution of fluorescent mast cells in the mucosa and muscular layers of the uterine body is minimal on the first day after childbirth. The largest number of mast cells is observed on the 10th day after birth. The content of histamine, serotonin and catecholamine in the mast cells of the myometrium of the uterine body is maximum on the first day after birth and gradually decreasing, reaching the lowest values ​​on the 10–15th day of postpartum involution. Mast cells of the endometrium are characterized by a higher saturation of serotonin and catecholamine compared to the myometrium. In tissue basophils of the myometrium, a higher level of histamine is noted. Correlations of changes in the content of bio amines have been established. The density of the spatial distribution of mast cells of the endometrium and myometrium and the content of neurotransmitter bioamines in them during the postpartum involution of the uterus changes unidirectional, despite regional differences. It is possible that mast cells contribute to the restoration of sympathetic innervation of the uterus in the postpartum period.

Restoration of jaw bone defects is an actual problem in modern dentistry. Currently, various materials of biological and synthetic origin are used. The gold standard is an auto graft, however, the limited volume, additional trauma limited the use of this material. Tissue engineering opens up wide prospects for the restoration of bone tissue defects. Despite the results achieved in the use of cellular technologies, the issues of fixing the cell culture during the operation in the area of ​​the defect, as well as limiting the probability of cell migration throughout the body in the postoperative period, remain unresolved. The purpose of the scientific review is a meta-analysis of published studies on modern methods of restoring bone defects in dental practice. The review shows that one of the solutions to this problem is the use of cells placed on carriers based on natural polymers. One of the representatives of these materials is collagen, which is a fibrillary protein that provides strength and elasticity to the connective tissue. Collagen has biocompatibility, high adhesion, loose structure, which allows it to be used in combination with various materials. Cellular technologies have opened wide prospects in the creation of new materials for bone grafting. Embryonic stem cells, which have an almost unlimited potential for proliferation, have been actively studied. However, the likelihood of developing malignant tumors, immunological incompatibility, and ethical issues limit their use. In this regard, there is a need to develop methods based on the use of cells with directed differentiation. Under the guidance of Professor Alla Zaydman developed a three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone graft obtained by direct differentiation from a chondrograft in an osteogenic environment. The three-dimensional tissue-engineered bone graft formed in vitro does not cause an immunological reaction of the body, it is an osteogenic tissue that has high regenerative potencies, which allows restoring bone defects in a short time.

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of the Rostov branch of the Scientific Medical Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists (SMSAHE) of Russia. The Rostov branch of the society originates from the Scientific Society of Anatomy and Anthropology, the first meeting of which took place on September 15, 1921. The leading role in the formation of the branch belongs to the graduate of the Military Medical Academy, Head of the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Don University (currently Rostov State Medical University), Professor Konstantin Yatsuta. Honorary members of the society were well-known Russian anatomists - professors Vladimir Vorobyov, Pyotr Karuzin, Vladimir Tonkov and Viktor Shevkunenko. At all stages of the activity of the scientific society, the continuity of generations, the preservation and enhancement of knowledge in the field of anatomy and histology can be traced. The scientific achievements of the members of the department during the centuries of history are reflected. The main scientific areas of activity of the Rostov Department in different periods were comparative, age and veterinary anatomy, histology and embryology, the study of the cardiovascular system in health and in some diseases, as well as the anatomical variability of organs using modern methods of medical imaging. Throughout the years of work, representatives of the Rostov branch took an active part in the work of the All-Union, and then the All-Russian Congresses of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists, scientific international conferences, congresses, symposiums, developed international cooperation in the field of morphology. Over the years of work of the Rostov branch of the SMSAHE, an authoritative school of morphologists has been formed. The 100th Anniversary of the Rostov branch of SMSAHE is celebrating, having highly professional medical personnel, four full professors, seventeen docents, three candidates of medical sciences. Pupils of the Rostov Anatomical School subsequently headed the departments of anatomy in many cities of Russia and of other countries. At present, several generations of scientists work in the staff of the Rostov branch of SMSAHE, which ensures the continuity of generations.

Congratulatory article dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of the Doctor of Medical Sciences, Consultant of the Research Laboratory of Problems of the Morphology, Advisor of the Rector of the Private Medical University REAVIZ, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Russian national anatomical scientific journal «Morfologicheskie Vedomosti - Morphological Newsletter», Professor Igor I. Markov.