The central nucleus of the amygdala complex is the integrative center and the main channel of communication with the rest of the brain. It has been shown that it is associated with the most important hypothalamic and visceral centers. Studying the morphology of its neurons and their response is necessary to understand how this structure regulates various aspects of behavior in normal conditions and in mental disorders. The purpose of this study was the morphological organization of astrocytes in the central nucleus of the amygdala complex in DAT-HET rats. DAT-HET rats are heterozygotes (HET) for knockout of the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein gene and have a number of behavioral characteristics, increased motor and exploratory activity, and at the same time increased behavioral anxiety. The study was carried out on male laboratory rats of two lines: Wistar line (n=8), DAT-HET line (n=7) with body weight from 200 g to 265 g at the age of 5-6 months. The central nucleus of the amygdala complex was studied in a series of frontal sections of the rat brain. In the structure of the central nucleus of the amygdala complex in the studied groups of animals, the medial and lateral sub-nuclei and the intermediate part that unites them are well differentiated. A study of morphometric indicators of the area of the sub-nuclei of the central nucleus of the amygdala complex showed that in Wistar rats the area of the lateral sub-nucleus is significantly higher when compared with the same indicator in DAT-HET rats, and this difference is 29%. Comparison of the degree of expression of immune-positive cells for the marker of glial fibrillary acidic protein - type III intermediate filament protein, which is expressed by numerous types of cells of the central nervous system, including astrocytes and ependymal cells, revealed that in DAT-HET rats the area occupied by immune-positive cells is also significantly larger. The results obtained indicate possible processes of remodeling the shape and size of astrocytes that occur in response to changes in dopaminergic transmission caused by knockout of the corresponding gene.

Qualitative study of the source of the fibro-genic cell population in relation to the etiology and stage of fibrosis, as well as an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate changes in the phenotype of hepatic fibroblasts, are of paramount importance in the development of pharmacological drugs. The purpose of the study was a morphological and functional assessment of activated portal fibroblasts (FAP⁺) and fat-accumulating cells (α-SMA⁺) of the liver at various stages of toxic liver fibrosis in rats. Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in male Wistar rats were induced with thioacetamide solution for 17 weeks. Morphological examination of the liver was carried out on paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin using the Mallory method; immunohistochemical examination was carried out using polyclonal rabbit antibodies to the portal fibroblast antigen FAP and using monoclonal mouse antibodies to the α-SMA⁺ cell antigen. Before the onset of liver fibrosis stage F3/F4, from weeks 3 to 7, the number of FAP⁺ and α-SMA⁺ cells increased alternately. During the stages of transformation of fibrosis into cirrhosis from 7 to 11 weeks, their number increased slightly. At the stage of incomplete (F5) and before the onset of significant cirrhosis (F6) from weeks 11 to 15, the number of FAP⁺ and α-SMA⁺ cells were inconsistent and there was an alternating increase and decrease in their number. α-SMA⁺ cells before the start of the process of transformation of fibrosis into cirrhosis (F4/F5) were observed in sinusoids and foci of necrosis. Then they were detected both in sinusoids and in connective tissue trabeculae. FAP⁺ cells at the stage of portal fibrosis (F1) were localized near the interlobular vessels and interlobular bile ducts of the portal zones, and from the F2/F3 period they were detected in connective tissue trabeculae and sinusoids. In quantitative terms, α-SMA⁺ cells predominated at all stages of fibrosis. Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that FAP⁺ cells make a major contribution to the development of the portal and initial stages of bridging fibrosis. They should be considered as one of the myofibroblast populations in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrogenesis.

Radiation therapy for non-melanoma skin cancers is used by oncologists and radiologists in cases of ineffective surgical treatment and as adjuvant or palliative therapy. The creation of experimental models to study the proliferative-apoptotic balance of keratinocytes makes it possible to assess the degree and depth of post-radiation skin damage after exposure to electrons in order to select optimal doses in the clinic. The purpose of the study: immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes after local electron irradiation of the skin. The experiment used male Wistar rats (n=50), which were divided into groups: I – control (n=20), which were injected with saline solution, and experimental rats, which received local electron irradiation of the skin of the outer surface of the thigh: II – 8 Gy (n=10; single), III – 40 Gy (n=10, single), IV – fractional 13 Gy for 6 days with a total focal dose of 78 Gy (n=10;). After completion of the experiment, a skin biopsy of the outer surface of the thigh was performed and an immunohistochemical study of histological preparations with antibodies to the Ki-67, caspase-3 and p53 antigens was performed. Analysis of skin fragments after irradiation showed a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic balance towards keratinocyte apoptosis: a decrease in the level of Ki-67 expression and an increase in the number of p53-positive cells. After a single irradiation with electrons at doses of 8 Gy and 40 Gy, a significant increase in keratinocytes stained positively with antibodies to caspase-3 was found - by 3.4 and 6.6 times, respectively, and with a fractional irradiation mode at a total dose of 78 Gy - by 11.6 times compared to the control group. Thus, local irradiation with electrons in single doses of 8 Gy and 40 Gy leads to a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic balance of keratinocytes towards their apoptosis, the activity of which is directly proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation, and the fractional mode (total focal dose of 78 Gy) leads to partial desquamation of the epithelium and inflammatory infiltration.

Boron neutron capture therapy is considered a promising method for the treatment of malignant tumors of the head and neck. It is believed that to increase the effectiveness of this type of therapy, the use of large doses of boron is required, which may entail damaging effects on healthy tissue. One of the substances used in the clinical practice of boron neutron capture therapy is sodium boroncaptate Na₂B₁₂H₁₁SH (BSH), enriched with the 10B boron isotope. The purpose of the study was to study the structural reactions of the myocardium and liver of CD-1 mice after administration of BSH. A light-optical and polarization-microscopic study of the myocardium and liver of male CD-1 mice (n=56) was carried out after injection of a boron-containing substance in doses of 100 and 1000 mg/kg, once, intraperitoneally. Assessment of structural changes in the myocardium and liver was carried out 1, 3 and 7 days after BSH administration. A single injection of BSH at a dose of 100 mg/kg did not lead to the death of animals, whereas 3 hours after the injection of BSH at a dose of 1000 mg/kg, 1 animal died. The body weight of the animals changed slightly during the experiment. Analysis of heart weight showed a decrease in this indicator on days 3 and 7 compared with indicators in the same groups on day 1 of the experiment. When analyzing the dynamics of changes in liver mass, no significant changes were revealed during the experiment. The main structural changes in the myocardium included lytic and contractural damage to cardiomyocytes, hemodynamic disturbances in the form of pronounced venous and capillary congestion. Liver damage was manifested in dystrophic changes in hepatocytes, the appearance after 3 days of monocellular necrosis of hepatocytes and pericentral mononuclear infiltrates. The data obtained indicate that the used doses of BSH 100 and 1000 mg/kg with a single injection cause structural changes in the myocardium and liver of varying severity, which persist for 7 days of observation.

More than a sufficient number of works are devoted to X-ray studies of the bones of the hand, its phalanges, and only a few works are devoted to the issues of the relationship of their parameters in the context of the general patterns of organization of the structural elements of the autopodia. The data of these studies do not create a unified idea of the correlation patterns of the metric parameters of the bones that form the human hand skeleton, while the study of this issue is of great theoretical and practical importance. The purpose of the study is the establish of the variability of X-ray steometric indicators of the length of the phalanxes of boys aged 17-21 and girls aged 16-20. The material of the study was 146 radiographs of the right and left hands of boys and girls obtained for diagnostic purposes when applying for trauma care. X-rays of both hands of patients with scanning also of the wrist joints were performed under conventional radiation protection conditions on a mobile X-ray unit MobileDaRt (Shimadzu, Japan). The distance from the X-ray source to the object of study corresponded to the generally accepted recommendations in X-ray osteometry. The images were automatically saved in the computer memory in the standard DICOM format. It was established that the average values of the radiographic linear lengths of the phalanges of the fingers and the overall average in boys were statistically significantly higher than those in girls. Finger-wise comparison of indicators between two sex-different populations also showed their highly significant differences in all phalanges without exception. Among the studied osteometric parameters, according to the results obtained, the smallest variability is inherent in the length of the proximal phalanges in girls. The general image established using the method of indirect X-ray osteometry of the I–V fingers phalanges length correlation values, showed their differences with the few data of other authors. It was concluded that the analysis of the limits of anatomical variability, due not only to various external and internal factors, but also methodological approaches and their comparison are of no less scientific importance than the analysis of the influence of only the different conditions and biological characteristics of the analyzed populations.

Intestinal epithelial cells are characterized by high mitotic activity and have high radiosensitivity to all types of ionizing radiation that cause their damage. In modern morphology and radiology, there is no data on the effect of active electrons on the intestinal mucosa, despite the promise and active implementation of this type of radiation for therapeutic purposes in oncology. Purpose of the study: immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation and apoptosis of colon epithelial cells in male Wistar rats after local irradiation with electrons at a dose of 8 Gy. Animals were irradiated using a linear accelerator NOVAC-11, at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min, energy of 10 MeV and frequency of 9 Hz, the diameter of the irradiation field of the pelvic-abdominal region was 100 mm. Animals from each group were removed from the experiment on the first and third days. Histological preparations of the colon (n=30) from two groups, the first control group (n=10) and the second experimental group (n=20), were examined by immunohistochemical method with antibodies to Ki-67 and Cas3. In preparations of rats bred one day after irradiation, a predominance of apoptotic processes was revealed. The number of positive cells stained with antibodies to caspase 3 was increased by 1.5 times in the experimental group compared to the control group, and the number of Ki-67-positive cells, on the contrary, was reduced by 1.5 times. On day 3 after electron irradiation in the epithelium of the colon, the number of immunopositive cells did not differ from control values. Thus, with local single irradiation of the pelvic-abdominal region of rats with electrons at a dose of 8 Gy, a decrease in the number of stem epithelial cells of the intestinal crypts of the colon is observed every other day, which is confirmed by a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic balance towards cell death. In the dynamics of observation on the third day of the experiment, an increase in the pool of proliferating cells is observed, followed by restoration of intestinal crypts.

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is located in harsh climatic conditions, which is reflected in structural compensatory-adaptive changes in the placenta among residents of the region, but they remain poorly studied. The goal was to study the morphology of placentas of residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) under conditions of physiological pregnancy. All placentas corresponded to 36–41 weeks of gestation and delivered healthy children. The first observation group consisted of placentas of women of the indigenous population - Yakuts, Evenks, Evens and other small peoples of the North, born and permanently residing in the Republic of Sakha (79 cases); Group II – placentas from non-indigenous women (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and others) living in the Republic of Sakha for more than 10 years (70 observations) of the first and second mature periods. In this work, research was carried out at the organ and tissue levels of structural organization using a complex of morphological, clinical and instrumental methods. It was found that indigenous women were more likely to have paracentral umbilical cord attachment (65.8%), and in the group of non-indigenous women, central umbilical cord attachment was 3.3 times more likely to be observed (30%). Linear parameters of the placenta are characterized by the absence of statistically significant differences between the study groups. Histological studies showed that in non-indigenous women of the republic, compared with the group of indigenous women, the area of terminal villi was significantly greater than that in non-indigenous women by 1.8 times (p=0.016). With identical indicators of the number of vessels in the terminal villi, a low vascular-stromal coefficient of terminal villi was determined (p=0.019) due to an increase in the stromal component (p=0.03), which indicates the presence of relative hypovascularization. An increase in the area of terminal villi was revealed by 1.8 times in the placentas of the group of indigenous women (p=0.016), which is significantly greater than the same indicator in the group of non-indigenous women. The identified data can be considered as evidence of adaptive restructuring in the fetal part of the blood-placental barrier of the placenta to specific ecological and territorial living conditions.

The classic histological picture of the anterior corneal epithelium, known from the results of standard histological techniques and light microscopy of preparations of chemically fixed material, describes the presence of three cell layers: basal - germinative, middle and superficial. On preparations of cryofixed material, another homogeneous layer is identified above the cells of the third layer, which is usually identified as the precorneal tear film, that is, a layer of liquid. Analysis and comparison of known data allows us to identify a scientific problem, which is as follows. The structure of the homogeneous layer has not been previously studied, its structure is unknown, therefore, the identification of the homogeneous layer with the precorneal tear film is not justified. We assume that the histological picture of the anterior epithelium on preparations of chemically fixed material is incomplete, and the homogeneous layer is a structural component of the anterior epithelium. Purpose of the study: the structure of the anterior epithelium and homogeneous layer on preparations of cryofixed material. The material for the study was preparations of the eyes of the domestic pig Sus scrofa domesticus, the research method was light microscopy. As a result of the study, it was established for the first time that the homogeneous layer is a structural component of the anterior corneal epithelium. Between the homogeneous layer and the layer of flat cells of the anterior epithelium, another layer is determined in the form of a microscopically detectable thin strip. Taking into account the established fact, it should be concluded that the anterior epithelium of the cornea consists of five layers. The cells in the layers are in a compacted state, the degree of which increases from the basement membrane to the frontal surface of the epithelium, reaching a maximum at the level of the homogeneous layer. The cells of the surface layer are anucleate, filled with an oxyphilic mass, presumably keratin, which indicates the process of keratinization of epithelial cells. The results of the study confirmed the assumption that the histological picture on preparations of chemically fixed material is incomplete. The identification of a homogeneous layer with the precorneal tear film is unfounded.

In the initial period of the Great fatherland war, one of the reasons for significant sanitary losses was the insufficient staffing of army units with experienced military medical specialists. Civilian doctors urgently mobilized in the first days of the war did not have sufficient knowledge in the field of military field surgery. There was a need to generalize the experience acquired by military doctors when providing assistance at the stages of medical evacuation, as well as by military field surgeons who performed surgical interventions in medical battalions and hospitals. To study the morphology of gunshot wounds of various parts of the body and organs, it was necessary to create an equipped educational and material base, including preparations with wounds of almost all parts of the body and organs. To study them, by order of the main military sanitary department of the army, mobile pathological anatomical laboratories were created, whose employees collected and documented a large collection of pathological anatomical preparations, which were transferred to the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg. After the end of the war, for several decades, a significant part of the exhibits lost their demonstration qualities, and some exhibits fell into disrepair. In 1988, thanks to the efforts of Professor Ivan Guyvoronsky, these exhibits were transferred to the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Kirov Military Medical Academy, where under the guidance of Professor Pavel Pashchenko were restored using a specially developed method. The essence of the method consisted in several sequential stages of drug recovery. At the first stage, mechanical manual cleaning of the preparations from mold was carried out, removing decayed and torn fragments and giving it the proper form for display. At the next stage, thorough washing was carried out, followed by bleaching of the preparations in solutions of hydrogen peroxide of various concentrations and special solutions. By 1990, a special “Exhibition of gunshot wounds” was created, which is part of the fundamental anatomical museum of the department. Currently, the materials from this exhibition are used as unique visual material in the process of training and educating military doctors.

One of the pressing modern problems of teaching morphology is to make the development and teaching of human anatomy as visual as possible. The organs demonstrated during the study of this discipline must retain their natural shape and size. The quality of the resulting preparations depends on the development of technologies for influencing biomaterial, its preservation and embalming. An accurate and visual preparation is the most important tool for demonstrating normal and pathologically altered organs and tissues. The purpose of this review is to analyze the literature data on modern methods for manufacturing corrosive anatomical preparations. The materials for the review were sources of anatomical literature devoted to the issues of anatomical technology, conservation and production of anatomical preparations for teaching students and museum affairs. The work highlights the history of the development of methods for manufacturing anatomical preparations for use in educational demonstration purposes. A detailed analysis of data on currently used methods for producing corrosive preparations was carried out. The advantages of corrosive preparations and polymerizing compositions in comparison with preparations made using wet fixation and plastination methods are shown. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of known polymerizing compositions is presented. The prospects for the development of the corrosion method and its use for the clarity of teaching in educational institutions of medical and biological profiles, as well as the study of three-dimensional configurations of organs and vessels when planning surgical interventions, are determined. The main promising directions for improving the corrosion method are the selection of polymerizing compositions that are rational in their properties, the development of technical devices to facilitate the filling of vascular beds with solutions, as well as other tubular and hollow organs and structures with a polymer solution. Taking into account the development of clinical anatomy and the growing interest in the individual characteristics of organs and their typical anatomy, this method can be used to visually study the variant anatomy and blood supply of complex parenchymal organs.

The anatomical structures of the facial skin are susceptible to various damage and can be affected when the integrity of the skin is violated, both at home and during invasive procedures or surgical interventions. In such cases, there is a danger of rapid spread of infection, mainly through the blood flow through the valve-less vessels of the face and head, which can lead to damage to the brain, organ of vision and other structures. The so-called danger zones of the face are especially vulnerable - areas of the skin, damage to which is more likely to lead to serious consequences. To prevent the development of complications, a deep understanding of the anatomical structure of these areas of the face is necessary. The purpose of the review is to summarize modern notions about the most dangerous traumatic injuries, various surgical and cosmetic interventions of the anatomical areas in the face, their possible infection, consequences and complications. Traumatization of blood vessels and nerves in dangerous areas of the face, as well as infection of wounds in this area can cause death. The skin of dangerous anatomical areas of the face (the surface of the nasal area, lip area, nasolabial triangle and other areas) is thin and closely connected to the underlying muscles. These areas contain a large number of blood vessels that anastomose with each other, as well as lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. An analysis of the frequency of diseases and injuries in these areas shows that currently they are caused by other reasons than what was observed in previous decades, and are more associated with cosmetic procedures of uncontrolled injections of botulinum toxin type A and (or) hyaluronic acid preparations. These methods of rejuvenating the appearance and correcting facial structures are becoming increasingly popular and more dangerous for the anatomically determined reasons mentioned above. All of the above is relevant in the study of facial anatomy by both students and specialists.