The study of evolutionary changes in human teeth is relevant from the point of view of identifying the geographical, ethnic, constitutional and sexual variability of the dentoalveolar system as a whole. The results of such studies can be used to predict the prevalence of anomalies and deformities of teeth, taking into account their epochal variability. The purpose of the study was to study the variability of the values ​​of odontometric parameters of the teeth of the female population of the city of Krasnoyarsk in the 17th–21st centuries. The studied odontological materials (55 samples) were obtained during archaeological excavations of the necropolises of the city of Krasnoyarsk: 32 samples from the materials of the Pokrovsky necropolis of the 17th–18th centuries; 23 - from the materials of the Vsekhsvyatsky Necropolis of 18th–19th centuries. In addition, the data of studies of modern women (188 people) aged 21-35 years old, who were examined at the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of the Professor Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. Within the framework of the study, the vestibulo-oral and mesio-distal diameters of the crowns of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws were studied, taking into account their group affiliation, anatomical shape, according to the method of Russian anthropologist Aleksandr Zubov. Statistical analysis included non-parametric methods of descriptive statistics and methods for comparing two or more independent samples. Analysis of the variability of the vestibulo-oral diameter of the crowns in the functional group of the molars of the upper and lower jaws showed a stable process of reduction. The mesio-distal diameter of the incisor crowns differed statistically significantly only for the teeth of the lower jaw. A statistically significant decrease in the values ​​of the median of the vestibulo-oral crown diameter was found in all key teeth of this group. The greatest reduction changes were registered in the first molars of the upper jaw. The first lower molars of representatives of different centuries did not have statistically significant differences in the size of the mesio-distal size of the crown of these teeth, as well as premolars. A comparative analysis of the obtained odontometric characteristics of the teeth showed a general trend towards a decrease in the size of the teeth of the female population of the Krasnoyarsk City, taking into account the time vector, which is a confirmation of the epochal reduction of the dentition.

With the development of X-ray technology and the advent of computed tomography, it became possible not only to accurately diagnose hiatal hernia, but also to conduct morphometry of all its constituent anatomical structures in different projections to use the data obtained at the stage of preoperative planning for its surgical treatment. Currently, due to the improvement in the quality of diagnostics, there is an increase in the detection of patients with this pathology, along with this, the question of choosing the most rational method of treatment is acute. The aim of the study was to study the computed tomographic anatomy of the structures of the cardioesophageal junction in patients with hiatal hernia. A retrospective study of a series of computed tomograms in 53 patients with hiatal hernia, performed on a 64-slice Canon Aquilion Prime tomograph, was carried out. An assessment was made of the diameter of the distal esophagus, the size of the hernia orifice, and the deviation of the axis of the esophagus at the level of the hernial orifice relative to the diaphragm in two planes. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in 79% of cases the esophagus was located on the right and behind the hernial sac, in 13% - behind and in the middle, in 8% - on the left and behind. It was revealed that the diameter of the unchanged part of the esophagus above the hernial sac was 20.9±3.71 mm (min – 15.7 mm, max – 30.2 mm). The dimensions of the hernial orifice varied within 31.21±5.23 mm in the frontal plane (min - 24.7 mm, max - 42 mm) and 32.66±4.36 mm in the sagittal plane (min - 26.2 mm, max - 39.1 mm). The deviation of the axis of the esophagus in the frontal plane was 63.53°±16.74 (min - 19.6°, max - 92.3°). The deviation of the axis of the esophagus in the sagittal plane was 74.12°±21.31 (min - 36.3°, max - 118.1°). Thus, due to the variability in the structure and location of the anatomical structures of the cardioesophageal zone in patients with hiatal hernia, it is necessary to take into account all of the above indicators, including the presence or absence of large branches of the greater omentum in the hernial sac, body type, gender, age of patients, which serves an integral part of preoperative planning of surgical treatment, optimization and reduction of complications, as well as determining the safest method of its surgery.

The lack of adequate methods for the simultaneous detection of lymphatic and blood microvessels in hollow organs does not make it possible to determine the morphological basis of lymph formation and lymph dynamics. In the relevant scientific literature, information about of the structural organization of the lymphatic system, obtained using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, does not provide exhaustive answers to the currently controversial and unresolved issues of the structural organization of the lymphatic microcirculatory bed. The purpose of the study is to presenting data on the organization of the initial lymphatic channel, obtained on the basis of the use of original impregnation methods. Studies were conducted on cats (n=17) and dogs (n=11). The microvascular bed of the intestine and epicardium was identified along with the surrounding tissues by impregnation. On histological preparations, endothelial trabeculae were identified in the lumen of non-muscular lymphatic microvessels of different diameters in the muscular layer and in the submucosa of the intestine. In the muscular layer of the intestinal wall, numerous interstitial channels were found that communicated with open lymphatic capillaries. In the submucosa of the intestinal wall of experimental animals, in addition to the classic capillaries that begin closedly, previously unknown structures were identified - open perivasal lymphatic microvessels and open lymphatic capillaries flowing into them. In the lumen of the perivasal lymphatics are arterioles or arteries. Lymphatic capillaries were in various functional states, which indicates their active peristalsis and suction capacity, which characterize them as utilizers of «biological debris». As a result of the conducted studies, new objective data on the structural organization of the initial lymphatic bed in hollow organs were obtained. The authors showed that the vasomotor activity of the initial lymphatics can serve as a morphological basis for the hypothesis of the initial lymphatic cycle, which consists of a resorption phase and an expulsion phase. The hydrostatic pressure drops in the lumen arising from such a two-phase vasomotor activity of the lymphatics indicate their important role in the process of lymph formation and lymph circulation.

Danons disease is a rare and difficult-to-diagnose X-linked hereditary disease caused by a deficiency of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 or LAMP2. The main clinical symptoms include myocardial damage with the development of hypertrophic LAMP2 cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and intellectual impairment. The disease is characterized by a rapidly progressive course, which requires dynamic monitoring of patients. The most significant adverse prognostic factor and the main cause of death is the development of cardiomyopathy. But lysosomal accumulation of glycogen in cardiomyocytes often remains unrecognized as the cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the study was to conduct a clinical and morphological analysis of a case of late diagnosis of LAMP2 cardiomyopathy in a 44-year-old female patient. We used data from the medical history, the results of intravital laboratory and instrumental studies, qualitative and quantitative morphological studies of endomyocardial biopsy. The results of the study present clinical signs, the results of a morphological study at the light-optical and electronic microscopic levels, and show the features of the structural rearrangement of cardiomyocytes. The formation of multilamellar myelin-like structures under the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes was found. There were signs of cell damage - significant uneven vacuolization of the sarcoplasm with the detection of fragments of PAS-positive content in individual vacuoles, distortion of cardiomyocytes. There was a disappearance of transverse striation and local violations of the integrity of the sarcolemma. The interstitium was characterized by loose lymphomononuclear infiltration with an admixture of single segmented leukocytes, edema, and small-focal sclerosis, predominantly of the perimuscular type. In the elements of the microvasculature at the light-optical level, signs of endothelial activation were observed. Based on the combination of clinical and anamnestic data, the results of molecular genetic, morphological studies, a metabolic cause of myocardial hypertrophy, previously not clinically recognized, was established with a morphological picture of LAMP2 cardiomyopathy - Danon disease, and an appropriate diagnosis was made. The authors present a rare case of late detection of Danon disease (LAMP2-cardiomyopathy) with the accumulation of autophagocytic material, glycogen in the sarcoplasm of cardiomyocytes, and the formation of osmiophilic myelin-like structures. The presented clinical case clearly demonstrates the practical significance of ultrastructural pathological examination of endomyocardial biopsy to determine the true form of metabolic hypertrophy and assess the degree of morphological myocardial rearrangement.

With the development of perfusion technologies in oncology, the problem of finding the optimal ways to perfusates injections has become fundamental, and in this regard, the study of the features of liver angioarchitectonics in normal and pathological conditions does not lose its relevance. The aim of our study was to study the features of the portal architectonics of the liver in relation to the possibility of its isolated lobar perfusion. Using the methods of color perfusion (n=50), separate injections of a hardening mass and the preparation of corrosive preparations (n=3), microfocus angiography (n=8), transparenchymal sections and light microscopy (n=5), 53 liver preparations explanted from non-embalmed corpses of people who died from diseases not directly related to the liver pathology. As a result of the study, it was found that the border of the zones of blood supply by the lobar branches of the portal vein after the introduction of dyes passes along the lateral border of the fourth segment of the liver in the projection of the main trunk of the middle hepatic vein, and not along the falciform ligament. According to the distribution criterion of the portal vein branches, the anatomical and surgical concepts of the interlobar boundaries of the liver do not coincide. Macro- and microscopically visible interlobar intraorgan portal anastomoses are normally absent, which indicates the relative isolation of the lobar portal blood flow of the liver. The intrahepatic bed of the proper hepatic artery has a rich architectonics in the surface layers of the parenchyma and abundantly supplies the liver capsule with blood. When performing transparenchymal sections, the boundaries of the blood supply zones of the lobar branches of the portal vein coincided with the interlobar boundaries in all cases of observation. It was also noted that the topography of the border of the blood supply zones with the lobar branches of the portal vein to match the diaphragmatic surface of the liver and in its parenchyma. Thus, it seems possible to reliably determine the indicated boundary by the pattern on the surface of the liver preparation. The relative autonomy of the channels of the lobar portal vein branches can be used to develop techniques for vascular isolation of the lobar portal blood flow in the liver to assess its selective isolated perfusion.

There are many preconditions for changes in erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis, changes in biochemical parameters of blood, hemostatic system in animals and humans under conditions of opisthorchiasis invasion. The purpose of the study was to analyze morphological and biochemical changes in the blood system in chronic opisthorchiasis using an experimental model of Oryctolagus cuniculus. The experiment was carried out on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with modeling of chronic opisthorchiasis. The invasive dose was 50 Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae. The animals were divided into a control group (n=10) and an observation group (n=10). The morphological blood picture wich was studied by the standard method was compared with the previously obtained results of its biochemical analysis for the content of lactate dehydrogenase, muscle creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and uric acid. It was established that 1,5 years after infection of rabbits in the observation group, structural heteromorphism of leukocytes is manifested. Pseudo-eosinophils had toxic granularity in the cytoplasm. In 19,5% of pseudoeosinophils, both stab and segmented, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was noted. A significant number of forms of lympholysis (shadows of Botkin-Gumprecht-Klein) was found – 9,6% per 100 leukocytes. In the study of erythrocytes, the presence of poikilocytosis was established; the most common were acanthocytes, dacryocytes. In rabbits of the control group and the observation group, the differences in blood pH are non-significant. Microscopic observation in a thick blood drop revealed that in the control group erythrocytes in vitro retained passive mobility for 59,8±15,2 seconds, in the observation group this figure was 42,6±7,5 seconds, erythrocytes formed aggregates. The blood clotting time in the control group is 101,9±32,1 seconds, and in the observation group – 194,8±35,2 seconds, the differences are significant. A change in the tinctorial properties of the platelet chromomere was noted. Thus, in rabbits with experimentally induced chronic opisthorchiasis, morphological changes in blood cells are observed, a decrease in the activity of the coagulation system with associated changes in its biochemical parameters, which contributes to a more detailed understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of changes in the blood system in chronic opisthorchiasis.

Morphological and functional features of tissue blood flow are genetically determined, the identification of individual characteristics of microcirculation in the oral mucosa in the gum area can help determine the specifics of periodontal tissue damage in various patients. The aim of the study was to study tissue blood flow and microvessels in different areas of the oral mucosa in young people. In 40 healthy young people, biomicroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry were used to record blood microcirculation indicators in various parts of the gums in the upper and lower jaws. On cadaveric material, the depth of blood vessels in different parts of the gum was studied. As a result of the study, it was found that the density of microvessels and the intensity of blood flow decrease with distance from the transitional fold to the edge of the gum. In the same areas of the mucous membrane in the upper and lower jaws, the microcirculation indicators do not differ. The most common (in 35 out of 40 subjects) in the vessels of the oral mucosa was the mesoemic type of blood microcirculation, in which the tissue blood flow was of medium intensity and the mechanisms of its regulation were balanced. In other cases, very low (hypoemic type) or high (hyperemic type) indicators of tissue blood flow with weak activity of vasomotor mechanisms of regulation of the state of microvessels of the oral mucosa were recorded. Thus, the use of a set of methods for studying the microvasculature of the oral mucosa in the gingival region allows us to quantitatively characterize the state of microvessels, as well as the intensity of tissue blood flow in different parts of the gingiva of the upper and lower jaws in young people. The richest microvascular network is observed in the region of the transitional gingival fold. As the distance from the transitional fold to the marginal part of the gums, the density of capillaries and the intensity of blood flow in them decrease, the gingival mucosa near the neck of the tooth has the lowest microcirculation rates.

To date, there is no single point of view on the lobar, zonal and segmental structure of the arterial tree of the kidney. There is no generally accepted approach in determining the signs by which the kidney is divided into lobes and/or segments. There is still a discussion regarding the division of the renal artery to daughter branches. The aim of the study was to establish variants of individual anatomical variability of the intra-organ arterial bed of the kidney, taking into account zonal and segmental topography. 116 corrosive preparations of the arterial system of the human kidney were studied. In 3D projections, the number of arterial vessels in the hilum of the kidney, topographic and anatomical features of the trunks of the renal arteries in the hilum of the kidney, variants of division of the renal arteries, zones of local blood supply to areas of the substance of the kidney, depending on the variants of division of the renal artery into branches of the 2nd and 3rd orders. The study was carried out using digital visualization methods, digital image processing and appropriate software. As a result, it was found that the renal artery can be divided into two (two-zonal system of blood supply to the kidney) and three (three-zone system of blood supply to the kidney) zonal arteries. In the case of a bizonal system, the renal artery divides into ventral and dorsal branches (54,2% of cases), as well as superior polar and inferior polar zonal branches (15,5% of cases). In the case of a three-zone system, the following options for the division of the renal artery have been established. The first option - on the upper polar, ventral and dorsal zonal branches (in 13,3% of cases); 2nd option - on the ventral, dorsal and lower polar zonal branches (in 9,4% of cases); 3rd variant - on two ventral and one dorsal zonal branches (in 5,1% of cases) and 4th variant on the superior pole, central and inferior pole zonal arteries (in 2,5% of cases). The results of the study convincingly indicate the need to revise the widespread idea of ​​the five-segment structure of the human kidney.

Tumors of the base of the posterior cranial fossa are among the most difficult for surgical treatment in neurosurgery. Numerous studies are being conducted on the factors that determine clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes. The aim of the study was to study the linear and angular parameters of the posterior cranial fossa in patients with extracerebral neoplasms and to evaluate their effect on the results of surgical treatment. Craniometric study of linear and angular parameters of the posterior cranial fossa was performed in 115 patients with sub-tentorial extracerebral tumors. A computer program was used to determine the longitudinal, transverse and height diameters of the head, the length, width and height of the posterior cranial fossa, the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum, the length of the clivus, the length of the posterior part of the skull base, the basilar angle, the Boogard’s angle, the posterior angle of the base of the skull, angle of the cerebellar mantle, angle of inclination of the clivus, angle of inclination of the scales of the occipital bone and angle of convergence of the pyramids of the temporal bones. These parameters were determined on magnetic resonance tomograms in the sagittal projection on the median section and in the axial projection, on the section passing at the level of the internal auditory canals. The main group consisted of 15 patients who developed vascular complications after surgery, the second comparison group included 100 patients with uncomplicated postoperative course. The predominant head shapes according to the transverse-longitudinal index in both groups were brachycephalic (53.3 and 54%, respectively). There was no acrocephaly (high and narrow head forms) among patients with complications, while in the control group this type was registered in 12% of cases. Certain craniometric prerequisites for a complicated course of the postoperative period have been identified, allowing a more selective approach to the tactics of treating these patients. The risk group includes patients with large values ​​of the basilar angle and the angle of inclination of the scales of the occipital bone, having a narrower and elongated shape of the posterior cranial fossa.

The size and shape of the cell nucleus are the frequently used parameters in the studies of Russian and foreign-states authors, not only as necessary for calculating the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of a cell in ontogenesis, differentiation, and pathological processes, but also having values as such. However, in discussions, two extreme points of view are expressed on the value of information about the shape and, especially, about the size of the nucleus. According to the first point of view, the morphometry of the size and shape of the cell nucleus without measuring the cytoplasm with the subsequent calculation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio does not make any sense, and the data obtained do not carry significant information. Proponents of the second point of view consider the cell nucleus as a labile and significant indicator of the morphological and functional state of the cell, the size and shape of which change during normal aging, pathological conditions, proliferation, gene expression, and protein synthesis. In this regard, a meta-analysis of modern scientific literature devoted to the study of the mechanisms of maintaining and changing the size and shape of the cell nucleus was carried out. The data obtained were subjected to an analytical study in order to formulate and explain the structures, factors and mechanisms of maintenance, changes in the size, shape of the cell nucleus. Based on the analysis of data from Russian and foreign-states sources, it can be confidently stated that the amount of DNA in the nucleus is not the only factor that determines its size and shape, but also the structure and modification of chromatin can affect nuclear morphology. It can be considered proven that the leading structures of the cell that determine the size and shape of the cell nucleus are the cytoskeleton, the complex of nuclear pores, the nuclear lamina, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the factors are nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange and osmolarity. Further study of the structures and factors affecting the size and shape of the nucleus, establishing the relationship between its morphology and processes occurring at the tissue and cellular levels, promises to provide new approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a number of diseases.