Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is its widely used corresponding animal model. MS/EAE pathology are substantially modulated by microglia, the resident immune competent cells of the CNS. The aim - on acute and chronic form of EAE in mice, to study the dynamics of changes in the microglial population of the spinal cord by immunofluorescence analysis. We used activated microglia marker Iba1⁺ to characterize distribution of microglia/macrophages in spinal cord of normal mice and mice with acute and chronic model of EAE. We found that Iba1⁺ cells with morphology of resting microglia equally distributed in the normal spinal cord of control mice. In contrast to controls, microglia activation was more pronounced in the grey matter of acute spinal cords compare to the white matter. Amoeboid microglial cells formed some form of aggregations in the gray matter - «conglomerates», presumably attacking other cells of the spinal cord. In chronic spinal cord, we observed different pattern of distribution of microglial population - the cells localized in the white matter, presumably in the sites of demyelination. Hereby, in spinal cord of mice with acute form of EAE, activation and proliferation of microglial cells take place, mainly in the gray matter. The amount of activated microglia decreases in the chronic stage of the EAE with localization in the areas of demyelination in the white matter. The obtained results indicate that the morphological-functional changes in the microglial cells of the mouse spinal cord under the conditions of development of the EAE and the dynamics of the microglia responses under these conditions might determine the phenomenology of pathophysiological processes in the EAE. Hence, understanding microglia involvement in MS offers new promising paths for therapeutic intervention.

The study presented results of exploration of liver functional activity and morphological structure on the experimental model of drug-induced hepatitis by twice administration of 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen to nonlinear both sexes white rats treated by preventive administration of novel pharmaceutic formulation with laboratory code LHT-8-16. The substance was administered to the animals intra-gastrically 1 hour prior to acetaminophen intake. We studied changes in biochemical blood indices, which characterize the functional activity of the liver, assessed the organ histological structure, and performed macro- and micro-morphometric analysis. It has been shown that the substance LHT-8-16 prevents the toxic effect of acetaminophen on the functional activity of the liver, which was displayed in the decrease of activity of drug-induced cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, normalizing the level of total bilirubin in rats’ serum. The appearance of the liver, its relative and absolute weight in animals with drug-induced hepatitis, who received LHT-8-16, was comparable with the intact rats. On histological specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin we observed a decrease in the area of necrosis of hepatic parenchyma, preservation of tissue structure. Hyperemia and extending sinusoids occurred on the periphery of the body and were less pronounced in comparison with the control group. The area of the cytoplasm, the nuclei and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio approximated the values of the intact group. The appearance of multi-nuclear hepatocytes referred to the activation of the synthetic activity of the liver and onset of regeneration mechanisms. Thus, it can be concluded that the studied formulation possesses hepatoprotective property.

A morphological study of the formed elements of peripheral blood in experimental animals (rabbits) induced by opisthorchiasis in the treatment Biltricid, Acorsol and Triad Premium. When applying Acorsol and Triad Premium discovered toxic granularity of the cytoplasm of segmented and band at pseudoeosinophils. Segmented shape was characterized by hypersegmented kernel. When applying Biltricid stab pseudoeosinophils in the blood is not detected. The segmented pseudoeosinophils had a pronounced toxic or grit, or completely had no granules in the cytoplasm were single or multiple vacuoles calf Knyazkova is the Case. Young forms are discovered in the application of the Triad Premium. Eosinophils in all cases had partial basophilic granules. In the cytoplasm of basophils in all groups of granules are partially absent, but to a greater extent in the treatment of Acorsol. Form Turk in contrast to the control were isolated. Forms Reader in a smaller number of detected only with the use of Acorsol. The shadows Botkin-Gumprecht-Klein considerable amount detected in the application of Biltricid and in control. In the study of red blood cells poikilocytosis detected in all cases. But when you apply Biltricid still identified anisochromia, basophilic punctuation. Thus, the most pronounced changes of erythrocytes and leucocytes was observed after treatment of opisthorchiasis Biltricid, with other drugs and control. But unlike Biltricid, in the treatment of opisthorchiasis Triad Premium and Acorsol visually, there was an increase in the size of blood platelets. When morphometry diameter pseudoeosinophils and eosinophils in animals with the treatment and the control was normal according to the literature. However, without treatment, the diameter of pseudoeosinophils and eosinophils was greater than in cells of animals with all treatment options. There were no significant differences in the diameter of eosinophils in the treatment with Triad Premium and Biltricide.

Affection of developing organism by endocrine disruptors is an actively studied topic of scientific research in medicine, caused by a progressive increase in the number of diseases and disorders in the development of the reproductive and endocrine systems. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is the most wide-spread endocrine disruptor. Low-dose exposure to DDT disrupts production of sex steroids by poorly known mechanisms. The research was focused on assessment of morphology of adrenal zona reticularis and fine structure of reticularis endocrine cells and changes in their secretory machinery in rats exposed to low doses of DDT during prenatal and postnatal development. The experimental group consisted of the male offspring of dams, who daily consumed solution of o, p-DDT at a concentration of 20 µg/l, from mating until the end of the suckling period in offspring, which then consumed a similar solution of DDT. Daily consumption of DDT by the offspring was 2,90±0,12 µg/kg body weight. These doses corresponds to levels of exposure of humans to DDT with food products taking to account the differences in metabolism of DDT in rats and humans. The control and experimental rats were sacrificed on the 42nd day of postnatal development (pubertal period). Light microscopy of adrenal sections found hypoplasia of zona reticularis in rats after developmental exposure to endocrine disruptor. Electron microscopy revealed prevalence of cells with low lipid content in cytoplasm, less developed endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi complex and signs of lowered functional activity of mitochondria indicated decreased steroidogenic activity of zona reticularis. These findings explain previously found impaired production of sex steroids in DDT-exposed rats. Electron microscopy also found that disruption of steroid secretion in reticularis cells by DDT led to compensatory enlargement of cells and increase in number of mitochondria per m2 of cytoplasm indicating development of structural support for long-term enhancement of steroidogenic activity.

The aim of the study was features of ultrastructural changes in cellular elements and connective tissue carcass of the great saphenous vein (GSV) at varicose disease in depending on the duration of the disease in persons of different ages. An examination by light microscopy of 133 fragments of BPV, excised during phlebectomy in 19 patients, and an electron microscopic examination of 532 preparations were performed. Depending on the age of the patients, four age groups was distinguished: 18-44 years old (young people); 45-59 years (middle-aged people); 60-74 years old (the elderly), 75-90 years old (persons of senile age). In the wall of the GSV of young people with a small duration of the disease, there were poorly expressed pathomorphological changes characterized by moderately expressed endothelial dysfunction and minor hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the middle shell. In the group of middle-aged people, in addition to age-related changes in the structure of the wall of varicose dilated GSV, pathological changes are noted that are characteristic of the long course of the disease with the development of endothelial dysfunction. The phenotypic heterogeneity of the SMC in the middle shell intensifies, and the communication links between them is altered. Disorganization of connective tissue leads to a decrease in the strength of the connective tissue vein skeleton. Hypertrophy of SMC, as a universal compensatory-adaptive response of cells, develops in response to an increase in functional load with hemodynamic disturbances in the veins of the lower limbs and to compensate for the quantitative deficiency of SMC as a result of their death. In elderly and senile age the duration of varicose disease is more than 10 years, on average - up to 25-30 years. The number of destructively altered SMC is increasing, degenerative processes and sclerotic changes are progressing. The ultrastructural analysis of biopsies showed that at the initial stage of development of varicose disease in young people with a small duration of varicose disease, morphological changes in the structure of the GSV wall are poorly expressed. With the increase in the age of the patient and the duration of the disease, changes in GSV are progressed. Involute degenerative-dystrophic changes are most pronounced in patients over 60 years of age and are an aggravating factor during varicose transformation of the GSV wall. In elderly and senile age, the compensatory possibilities of the cells decrease, the sclerotic degenerative changes in the wall of the GSV are progressed.

Due to the wide production and use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP TiO₂), which have toxic effects, the risk of their adverse effect on the functions of human bodys various systems and, primarily, nervous, increases because of its extremely high sensitivity to any damaging agents. Objective: to study the structural characteristics, ultramicroscopic features of the rat hippocampus CA1 and CA3 regions, and the level of the astrocyte marker - acid glial fibrillar proteins (GFAP) expression under intranasal administration of NP TiO₂. Histological, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods were used. It was established that against the background of intranasal administration of NP TiO₂ in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, degenerative changes in neurons and astrogliosis develop. Electron-microscopic examination revealed signs of damage to the energy and protein-synthesizing apparatus of neurons. The results of the study made it possible to conclude that NP TiO₂ have a neurotoxic effect on the structural characteristics of the rat hippocampus in intranasal administration.

The aim of investigation was to study changes in liver lymph circulation with intoxication by the respiratory route. The lymph circulation is estimated depending on the speed of the lymph flow and the time of its formation. The study was conducted on 16 rabbits of the chinchilla. A model of intoxication was created on 12 rabbits by inhalation of HCl vapors. It is determined that in the first 10 days of toxicosis the lymph flow is accelerated, and the period of formation becomes faster. As increasing the periods of intoxication in the dynamics of these indicators has slowed. Also the increasing of period of toxemia leads to a deepening of changes in lymph circulation. An obvious relationship between the duration of toxicosis and the lymphatic circulation of the liver is determined. We believe that the attenuation of the detoxification function of the liver should be regarded as part of the chain of pathogenesis.

The effect of the regular use of junk-food on the morphological and functional state of the liver was studied in mature females Wistar rats. Animals of experimental groups received for a 100 days a diet that included potato chips and sweet caffeine-containing soft drinks. In the liver of rats of experimental groups dystrophic changes in hepatocytes - small-, medium- and large-droplet vacuolar dystrophy from weak to severe, were detected. Compared to the control group, rats, which consumed junk-food, had a decrease in the cell and nuclei volume and glycogen content of hepatocytes. Revealed changes reflect alteration of the liver metabolic balance and point to the development of functional changes, that provide carbohydrate-fat, water-electrolyte and protein metabolism.

The study was carried out on 120 mongrel white laboratory rats, to whom were transplanted the ascitiс Zaidel's hepatoma and which were divided into three equal groups. Of these, the first group of animals was a control group without treatment. In the second group, to animals doxorubicin was injected, in the third group, nanostructured doxorubicin was injected to the animals for 21 days. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of morphological changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys under the influence of nanostructured doxorubicin and doxorubicin in the condition of transplantable carcinogenesis. Given the nephrotoxicity of the chemotherapy drugs studied, the dynamics of structural changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys was studied. Conducted a comparative morphological evaluation of the changes occurring in the kidneys. The results of a morphological study of the structural components of the kidneys prove that doxorubicin and nanostructured doxorubicin have different effects on both the tubular apparatus and the glomeruli of the kidneys in the condition of transient carcinogenesis. The use of doxorubicin is accompanied by a relatively pronounced nephrotoxic effect, which is indicated by dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the epithelium of convoluted tubules and the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys. The use of nanostructured doxorubicin is limited to moderately expressed dystrophic changes in the epithelium of the tubular apparatus of the kidneys, the glomerular apparatus remains intact at the same time. Thus, the use of the preparation of nanostructured doxorubicin for the treatment of the ascitic hepatoma of Zaidel in experimental animals has a less pronounced toxic and damaging effect on the renal parenchyma.

Anatomical terminology carries an important semantic characteristic of organs and separate parts of the human body. The term in anatomy is a word that has a special, strictly defined meaning, unambiguous. Each term in human anatomy from the point of view of the anatomical nomenclature should have a certain characteristic, reflecting its uniqueness. However, this is not always possible. From these positions, the definition of the segment of the spinal cord is of interest. A characteristic feature of the external organization of the spinal cord is the periodicity of the exits of symmetrically arranged radicular filaments in the form of the posterior and anterior roots and the absence of visible external division into segments. The authors propose to define the segment of the spinal cord as a conditionally isolated part of the spinal cord in the form of a flattened cylinder (thickened disc), including regions with a symmetrically extending pair of spinal nerves and half of the intercortical distances located above and below the rootlets.